<56th US Open
Long Beach, California
August 8-19, 1955>
The Butterfly Effect is the idea that seemingly inconsequential acts, such as a butterfly flapping its wings, can have wide-ranging, catastrophic consequences. Samuel Reshevsky may never have heard of the term, but he knew exactly what it meant.
It's round 7 of the 1955 US Open in Long Beach, California, and James Bolton is playing Ronald Gross. Bolton won the game, then was informed by a spectator that, while he was away from the board, Gross had made a move, taken it back, and substituted another one.
Bolton was enraged. He went to the tournament directors and demanded that he be awarded a win on forfeit, even though he had won over the board.
This would never happen today. Bolton would be too concerned about the rating points. But that wasn't such a big consideration back in 1955, and the directors eventually decided to let him have his way. Eccentric, perhaps, but after all how could it possibly matter?
With that settled, we can flash ahead to the end of the tournament with Reshevsky and Rossolimo tied for first place. In such situations, cash prizes are generally split equally. However, if there is an indivisible prize such as a trophy, tie-breaking systems are used.
And this tournament had a particularly interesting indivisible prize, a brand new 1955 Buick Century: http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif...
One prize, indivisible
Tiebreak systems are based on the principle that tied players should be ranked by the strength of the opposition. This is measured by adding up the adjusted scores of their opponents.
Note the word <adjusted>. If a player does not play a game for some reason, this means their actual "strength" is misrepresented, unfairly impacting the tiebreak score. Adjustments are made by adding 1/2-point for every unplayed game or forfeit loss, and subtracting 1/2-point for byes or wins on forfeit.
Wait a minute.
Wins on forfeit lower an adjusted score?!
For those of you who haven't already guessed what is coming and looked at the crosstable below, Bolton played Reshevsky in round 2. Counting the game with Gross as a forfeit win lowered Bolton's adjusted score by 1/2-point, which lowered Reshevsky's tiebreak score by 1/2-point, which gave Rossolimo the car.
Important note: The above is the usual version of the story, and is correct up to a point. However <Kenneth Harkness>, the Doyen of Everything Involved in USCF Tiebreaking at the time, prepared a short report for the September 20, 1955 Chess Life proving that Bolton's action did not cost Reshevsky the car. Had the game been scored as a regular win, the first two tiebreak systems would have wound up tied but Rossolimo would still have prevailed by one-quarter point on the third.
Too bad. Spoils a great story.
Of course, a few other things happened in the course of that two weeks, with over forty masters and experts among the 156 players, representing 25 states, the District of Columbia, Canada, and Mexico. And how could you beat a tournament with free coffee and directed by the anagrammatic Orlo Milo Rolo?
1953 champion Donald Byrne led much of the way, but a round 11 loss to Larry Evans permitted the eventual co-winners to leap ahead of him.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
1 Nicolas Rossolimo W 79 W 70 W 53 W 26 D 3 D 52 W 23 D 2 D 6 W 8 W 9 W 4 10.0
2 Samuel Reshevsky W 78 W 45 W153 D 52 W 30 W 21 D 3 D 1 D 4 W 13 W 6 W 8 10.0
3 Donald Byrne W 82 W 50 W 31 W 57 D 1 W 27 D 2 W 21 D 8 W 10 L 4 W 7 9.5
4 Larry Melvyn Evans W147 D 13 W 56 W 20 D 23 W 55 D 10 W 11 D 2 W 22 W 3 L 1 9.0
5 Abe Turner W 35 L 7 W 48 W 15 L 6 W 60 W 19 W 72 D 36 D 11 W 31 W 13 9.0
6 Anthony Saidy W104 W 37 L 21 W150 W 5 W 9 L 8 W 17 D 1 W 14 L 2 W 27 8.5
7 Ivan Romanenko W135 W 5 D 9 D 28 D 24 W 29 L 11 W 58 W 52 W 15 W 22 L 3 8.5
8 James T Sherwin W107 W 62 W 77 W 55 L 21 W 26 W 6 W 52 D 3 L 1 W 20 L 2 8.5
9 Irving Rivise W 76 W 17 D 7 W 47 D 52 L 6 W 70 D 14 W 43 W 29 L 1 W 25 8.5
10 Herbert Seidman W114 W152 W 73 L 21 W 74 W 37 D 4 D 36 W 53 L 3 D 11 W 20 8.5
11 Arthur William Dake W 68 W 29 D 20 D 54 W 13 D 38 W 7 L 4 W 28 D 5 D 10 D 12 8.0
12 Robert Henry Steinmeyer W108 W 15 D 47 W 19 L 27 D 43 L 31 W 59 W 17 W 21 D 16 D 11 8.0
13 Albert Sandrin W101 D 4 D 24 W 93 L 11 W 76 W 59 W 23 W 21 L 2 W 38 L 5 8.0
14 Hans Berliner W 93 W 18 L 57 W 49 L 70 W 62 W 55 D 9 W 56 L 6 W 39 D 16 8.0
15 Raymond Martin W 87 L 12 W107 L 5 W 85 W 68 W 26 W 40 D 20 L 7 W 53 D 30 8.0
16 Herman Steiner W 67 L 77 W 87 W 18 L 55 W 96 W 44 L 20 W 19 W 54 D 12 D 14 8.0
17 Ignas Zalys W109 L 9 W 85 D 72 D 20 W124 W 46 L 6 L 12 W 77 W 70 W 37 8.0
18 Alex Suchobeck W148 L 14 W 35 L 16 W132 W106 L 25 D 90 W 80 W 43 D 30 W 36 8.0
19 Larry Remlinger W136 W124 D 23 L 12 D 71 W 94 L 5 W 41 L 16 W 58 W 78 W 38 8.0
20 William G Addison W112 W 60 D 11 L 4 D 17 W 50 W 34 W 16 D 15 W 36 L 8 L 10 7.5
21 Paul Brandts W154 W 92 W 6 W 10 W 8 L 2 W 53 L 3 L 13 L 12 D 44 W 56 7.5
22 Robert Gary Cross W121 D 24 L 36 W 79 W 45 D 30 W 39 W 25 W 38 L 4 L 7 D 29 7.5
23 Allen Kaufman W126 W 90 D 19 W 36 D 4 W 70 L 1 L 13 W 73 D 25 D 37 D 26 7.5
24 Eliot Sanford Hearst W 88 D 22 D 13 W 83 D 7 W 32 L 52 W 39 L 29 W 42 L 27 W 59 7.5
25 William James Lombardy L 41 W125 D 71 W 92 W 33 D 54 W 18 L 22 W 34 D 23 W 40 L 9 7.5
26 Edgar Thomas McCormick W100 W 61 W 40 L 1 W 59 L 8 L 15 W 49 W 72 L 38 W 71 D 23 7.5
27 Carl Pilnick W151 D 91 W 75 W 46 W 12 L 3 D 38 L 53 D 32 W 60 W 24 L 6 7.5
28 Morris Gordon W 98 W 49 W 32 D 7 L 53 W 42 L 36 W 30 L 11 L 39 W 90 W 61 7.5
29 Joseph G Sullivan W145 L 11 D117 W123 W 63 L 7 W 42 W 37 W 24 L 9 D 36 D 22 7.5
30 Karl Burger D 86 W155 W 91 W 44 L 2 D 22 D 37 L 28 W117 W 56 D 18 D 15 7.5
31 Eugene Levin W 72 W105 L 3 W 41 L 37 W 71 W 12 L 38 W 81 D 53 L 5 W 57 7.5
32 Miroslav Radojcic W150 D 44 L 28 W151 W 56 L 24 W 61 D 54 D 27 D 71 D 41 W 52 7.5
33 Bruno Schmidt W123 L 58 W 80 D153 L 25 W 95 W 79 L 43 D 55 W 73 D 54 W 53 7.5
34 Jeremiah F Donovan L117 W100 D 92 D 67 W107 W 66 L 20 W 64 L 25 D 79 W 80 W 55 7.5
35 Mike Hailparn L 5 W146 L 18 W136 D150 W 92 D 75 L 62 D 74 W117 W 60 W 54 7.5
36 Louis Levy W 94 D 56 W 22 L 23 W152 W 75 W 28 D 10 D 5 L 20 D 29 L 18 7.0
37 Charles Wallace W 48 L 6 W142 W 58 W 31 L 10 D 30 L 29 W 65 W 52 D 23 L 17 7.0
38 Zoltan Kovacs D 65 W 95 D 42 W 90 W 76 D 11 D 27 W 31 L 22 W 26 L 13 L 19 7.0
39 George Hunnex W137 L 47 D 63 W 81 W 91 W 57 L 22 L 24 W 67 W 28 L 14 D 41 7.0
40 Dmitri Poliakoff W 80 W 96 L 26 L 76 D 51 W 83 W 48 L 15 W 94 W 64 L 25 D 44 7.0
41 Boris Garfinkel W 25 L 53 W126 L 31 L106 W119 W 76 L 19 W 89 W 47 D 32 D 39 7.0
42 Blake W Stevens W125 D 46 D 38 W 94 D 54 L 28 L 29 W 85 W 82 L 24 D 45 W 79 7.0
43 Robert Sinclair Brieger L 91 W118 W 89 W 73 D 57 D 12 D 54 W 33 L 9 L 18 D 48 W 78 7.0
44 Vladimir Pafnutieff W122 D 32 W 65 L 30 D 60 W 93 L 16 D 71 W 90 D 78 D 21 D 40 7.0
45 James Michael Bolton W141 L 2 D 67 W104 L 22 W150 + 74 L 56 D 46 D 62 D 42 W 77 7.0
46 Richard Alan McLellan W149 D 42 W 82 L 27 W 47 L 53 L 17 W 68 D 45 D 57 D 79 W 91 7.0
47 William M Byland W127 W 39 D 12 L 9 L 46 D103 W 84 D 82 D 58 L 41 W 85 W 63 7.0
48 Edmund Godbold L 37 W136 L 5 W109 W 88 D 74 L 40 W138 L 60 W 84 D 43 W 70 7.0
49 William A Bills W118 L 28 W124 L 14 D 78 W 97 D 57 L 26 L 64 W110 W 84 W 72 7.0
50 Arthur R Spiller W144 L 3 W114 L 59 W 82 L 20 D 68 W 98 L 70 D103 W 76 W 73 7.0
51 Glenn E Hartleb W139 L 52 L 93 W120 D 40 L104 L 98 W127 W 88 D 92 W 81 W 71 7.0
52 Peter Lapiken W138 W 51 W 74 D 2 D 9 D 1 W 24 L 8 L 7 L 37 W 91 L 32 6.5
53 Charles Henin W120 W 41 L 1 W105 W 28 W 46 L 21 W 27 L 10 D 31 L 15 L 33 6.5
54 Anthony Santasiere W 97 D 75 W 81 D 11 D 42 D 25 D 43 D 32 W 62 L 16 D 33 L 35 6.5
55 Saul Yarmak W129 W117 W 58 L 8 W 16 L 4 L 14 D 60 D 33 W 72 D 59 L 34 6.5
56 Robert Merton Jacobs W130 D 36 L 4 W 65 L 32 W 78 W117 W 45 L 14 L 30 W 68 L 21 6.5
57 Charles L Bagby W110 W 59 W 14 L 3 D 43 L 39 D 49 L 81 W 83 D 46 W 67 L 31 6.5
58 Henry Gross W106 W 33 L 55 L 37 D 61 W138 W 63 L 7 D 47 L 19 W108 D 64 6.5
59 James R Schroeder W 99 L 57 W116 W 50 L 26 W 77 L 13 L 12 W106 W 66 D 55 L 24 6.5
60 Daniel Fischheimer W116 L 20 W155 D 77 D 44 L 5 W124 D 55 W 48 L 27 L 35 W 92 6.5
61 Gilbert Ramirez W 69 L 26 L 70 W110 D 58 W 80 L 32 L117 W 86 W 96 W 62 L 28 6.5
62 William E Kaiser W140 L 8 D 84 D 78 W119 L 14 W132 W 35 L 54 D 45 L 61 W 98 6.5
63 Robert Lorber L 77 W147 D 39 W 69 L 29 W 86 L 58 D 83 D 93 W 94 W104 L 47 6.5
64 Hugh Edward Myers L 70 W113 L 76 L 66 W133 W 69 W103 L 34 W 49 L 40 W100 D 58 6.5
65 Sandor Tresz D 38 W102 L 44 L 56 L 86 W142 W 88 W 75 L 37 L 67 W124 W121 6.5
66 Abraham Croll L 73 L 69 W135 W 64 W 67 L 34 L 71 W143 W 76 L 59 D 75 W 90 6.5
67 Jack F Shaw L 16 W115 D 45 D 34 L 66 D112 W111 W 95 L 39 W 65 L 57 W101 6.5
68 Theodore Eisenstadt L 11 D130 D102 W101 W105 L 15 D 50 L 46 W120 W 74 L 56 W 97 6.5
69 Al Raymond L 61 W 66 L 83 L 63 W101 L 64 L110 W113 W105 W132 D 92 W 93 6.5
70 Gustave Drexel W 64 L 1 W 61 W106 W 14 L 23 L 9 L 73 W 50 W 81 L 17 L 48 6.0
71 Paul Monsky L119 W101 D 25 W141 D 19 L 31 W 66 D 44 W 97 D 32 L 26 L 51 6.0
72 Gerald Schain L 31 W134 W119 D 17 D 75 W 91 W104 L 5 L 26 L 55 W 83 L 49 6.0
73 Sven Elias Almgren W 66 W119 L 10 L 43 L 93 W122 W105 W 70 L 23 L 33 W 95 L 50 6.0
74 Ronald Joseph Gross W113 W 84 L 52 W132 L 10 D 48 - 45 D 92 D 35 L 68 W119 D 80 6.0
75 Robert B M Potter W 85 D 54 L 27 W 84 D 72 L 36 D 35 L 65 W108 D 95 D 66 D 87 6.0
76 Spencer H Van Gelder L 9 W109 W 64 W 40 L 38 L 13 L 41 W107 L 66 W133 L 50 W113 6.0
77 Bela Rozsa W 63 W 16 L 8 D 60 D 96 L 59 D 85 D108 W132 L 17 W103 L 45 6.0
78 Michael Hart L 2 D141 W 99 D 62 D 49 L 56 W151 W104 W 96 D 44 L 19 L 43 6.0
79 Thomas Fries L 1 W140 D152 L 22 W151 D 90 L 33 W118 W110 D 34 D 46 L 42 6.0
80 Walter Grombacher L 40 W139 L 33 W115 D 90 L 61 W150 W 91 L 18 W 97 L 34 D 74 6.0
81 Sonja Graf-Stevenson D155 W 86 L 54 L 39 W114 D 84 W102 W 57 L 31 L 70 L 51 W106 6.0
82 Kenneth Mark Colby L 3 W144 L 46 W127 L 50 W109 W 93 D 47 L 42 L 90 D 86 W105 6.0
83 Elias J Van Sweden D 95 D103 W 69 L 24 D138 L 40 W120 D 63 L 57 W 89 L 72 W107 6.0
84 Lewis J Isaacs W128 L 74 D 62 L 75 W111 D 81 L 47 W141 W133 L 48 L 49 W103 6.0
85 Ronald Day L 75 W 97 L 17 W133 L 15 W147 D 77 L 42 D112 W122 L 47 W114 6.0
86 Kathryn Slater D 30 L 81 W112 L 96 W 65 L 63 L 95 W121 L 61 W 99 D 82 W111 6.0
87 William Carr L 15 W 88 L 16 L 98 W137 D127 L 91 W144 D104 D119 W 96 D 75 6.0
88 Frank Hufnagel L 24 L 87 W144 W118 L 48 D134 L 65 W125 L 51 D115 W123 W108 6.0
89 Jim Mangan L153 W149 L 43 L103 W154 L132 W136 W124 L 41 L 83 W115 W104 6.0
90 Viktors Pupols W143 L 23 W138 L 38 D 80 D 79 W141 D 18 L 44 W 82 L 28 L 66 5.5
91 Ed Logwood W 43 D 27 L 30 W117 L 39 L 72 W 87 L 80 W 98 W 93 L 52 L 46 5.5
92 Alan Chappell W134 L 21 D 34 L 25 W123 L 35 W112 D 74 D103 D 51 D 69 L 60 5.5
93 Thomas A Jenkins L 14 W148 W 51 L 13 W 73 L 44 L 82 W147 D 63 L 91 W102 L 69 5.5
94 Marshall Rohland L 36 W131 W103 L 42 W 98 L 19 W118 D 96 L 40 L 63 L 97 W125 5.5
95 Russell Koutz D 83 L 38 L104 W 99 W126 L 33 W 86 L 67 W138 D 75 L 73 D100 5.5
96 Eugene Warner W111 L 40 D108 W 86 D 77 L 16 W106 D 94 L 78 L 61 L 87 W126 5.5
97 Donald Young L 54 L 85 W140 W146 D103 L 49 W152 W102 L 71 L 80 W 94 L 68 5.5
98 Salvador Ruvalcava L 28 W120 L105 W 87 L 94 D141 W 51 L 50 L 91 W123 W117 L 62 5.5
99 Paul V Nielsen L 59 D112 L 78 L 95 W149 D100 W115 L106 D102 L 86 W127 W119 5.5
100 Bob Walker L 26 L 34 W139 L124 D155 D 99 W142 L103 W107 W106 L 64 D 95 5.5
101 Fletcher Gross L 13 L 71 W134 L 68 L 69 D140 W128 D114 D118 W120 W109 L 67 5.5
102 Ralph Clark D103 L 65 D 68 W126 L141 W116 L 81 L 97 D 99 W121 L 93 W117 5.5
103 William Slater D102 D 83 L 94 W 89 D 97 D 47 L 64 W100 D 92 D 50 L 77 L 84 5.0
104 John Broadus Holt L 6 D123 W 95 L 45 W108 W 51 L 72 L 78 D 87 W112 L 63 L 89 5.0
105 E F Schrader W132 L 31 W 98 L 53 L 68 W121 L 73 L110 L 69 W128 W116 L 82 5.0
106 Collin McKinnon L 58 W137 W156 L 70 W 41 L 18 L 96 W 99 L 59 L100 W122 L 81 5.0
107 Rex Wilcox L 8 W135 L 15 W137 L 34 L118 W116 L 76 L100 W129 W131 L 83 5.0
108 James E Warren L 12 W121 D 96 L152 L104 W155 W127 D 77 L 75 W126 L 58 L 88 5.0
109 John W Blaney L 17 L 76 W125 L 48 W136 L 82 W131 L132 D124 D111 L101 W134 5.0
110 Robin C Kirby L 57 W128 L150 L 61 L140 W146 W 69 W105 L 79 L 49 L113 W133 5.0
111 Maxwell L Davis L 96 D151 L141 W130 L 84 W126 L 67 W129 L119 D109 W133 L 86 5.0
112 William Shirey L 20 D 99 L 86 D155 W129 D 67 L 92 W137 D 85 L104 D126 D122 5.0
113 Olga Higgins L 74 L 64 W143 L138 L147 L129 W149 L 69 W145 W142 W110 L 76 5.0
114 Albert Markus L 10 W145 L 50 D142 L 81 D115 D137 D101 L122 W143 W132 L 85 5.0
115 Paul Ligtvoet L152 L 67 W128 L 80 D120 D114 L 99 D142 W137 D 88 L 89 W135 5.0
116 John Maier L 60 W122 L 59 L119 W145 L102 L107 L133 W139 W135 L105 W132 5.0
117 John Rinaldo W 34 L 55 D 29 L 91 W142 W152 L 56 W 61 L 30 L 35 L 98 L102 4.5
118 John Ishkan L 49 L 43 W148 L 88 W156 W107 L 94 L 79 D101 L124 D134 D131 4.5
119 John O N Thomas W 71 L 73 L 72 W116 L 62 L 41 L143 W154 W111 D 87 L 74 L 99 4.5
120 Philip C McKenna L 53 L 98 W145 L 51 D115 W123 L 83 W151 L 68 L101 L125 W137 4.5
121 William M Boyer L 22 L108 W122 W156 L124 L105 D129 L 86 W144 L102 W137 L 65 4.5
122 Kyle Forrest L 44 L116 L121 W139 W146 L 73 L147 W131 W114 L 85 L106 D112 4.5
123 Frederick B Fults L 33 D104 W147 L 29 L 92 L120 L126 W140 W143 L 98 L 88 W145 4.5
124 Morris Blumenfeld W142 L 19 L 49 W100 W121 L 17 L 60 L 89 D109 W118 L 65 ---- 4.5
125 Elliott Forry Laucks L 42 L 25 L109 L147 D128 W130 W155 L 88 L142 W144 W120 L 94 4.5
126 George R McMahon L 23 W143 L 41 L102 L 95 L111 W123 W134 W141 L108 D112 L 96 4.5
127 Chester A Lyon L 47 L142 W131 L 82 W135 D 87 L108 L 51 D128 D134 L 99 W146 4.5
128 Burt Thach L 84 L110 L115 L135 D125 W149 L101 W155 D127 L105 W136 D129 4.5
129 Paul Wagner L 55 L150 L137 W131 L112 W113 D121 L111 D134 L107 W146 D128 4.5
130 Sarah Goodman L 56 D 68 L151 L111 L144 L125 W148 L135 L149 W154 W143 W142 4.5
131 Jack Beasley ---- L 94 L127 L129 W139 W145 L109 L122 W154 W141 L107 D118 4.5
132 Kenneth R Jones L105 W154 W146 L 74 L 18 W 89 L 62 W109 L 77 L 69 L114 L116 4.0
133 Fred Johnson L156 L138 W154 L 85 L 64 W136 W146 W116 L 84 L 76 L111 L110 4.0
134 Siguro Swenson L 92 L 72 L101 W140 Bye D 88 L138 L126 D129 D127 D118 L109 4.0
135 Ralph G Houghton L 7 L107 L 66 W128 L127 L137 L154 W130 W136 L116 W142 L115 4.0
136 Arthur Ellwood Crew L 19 L 48 W149 L 35 L109 L133 L 89 W145 L135 W139 L128 W143 4.0
137 Katherine McGregor L 39 L106 W129 L107 L 87 W135 D114 L112 L115 W140 L121 L120 3.5
138 Jacqueline Piatigorsky L 52 W133 L 90 W113 D 83 L 58 W134 L 48 L 95 ---- ---- ---- 3.5
139 Lawrence Frembling L 51 L 80 L100 L122 L131 W148 L145 W149 L116 L136 D140 W144 3.5
140 Donald D Dann L 62 L 79 L 97 L134 W110 D101 L144 L123 D146 L137 D139 W148 3.5
141 Jerry Spann L 45 D 78 W111 L 71 W102 D 98 L 90 L 84 L126 L131 ---- ---- 3.0
142 S L Zedekar L124 W127 L 37 D114 L117 L 65 L100 D115 W125 L113 L135 L130 3.0
143 Mike George L 90 L126 L113 L145 W148 W154 W119 L 66 L123 L114 L130 L136 3.0
144 James A Creighton L 50 L 82 L 88 D149 W130 L151 W140 L 87 L121 L125 D148 L139 3.0
145 Clarence Cleere L 29 L114 L120 W143 L116 L131 W139 L136 L113 L146 W149 L123 3.0
146 Robert D Offenberg Bye L 35 L132 L 97 L122 L110 L133 D148 D140 W145 L129 L127 3.0
147 Sam Geller L 4 L 63 L123 W125 W113 L 85 W122 L 93 ---- ---- ---- ---- 3.0
148 A E Chapin L 18 L 93 L118 L154 L143 L139 L130 D146 Bye W149 D144 L140 3.0
149 Mrs. Philip McKenna L 46 L 89 L136 D144 L 99 L128 L113 L139 W130 L148 L145 Bye 2.5
150 Mark Eucher L 32 W129 W110 L 6 D 35 L 45 L 80 ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- 2.5
151 Charles Henderson L 27 D111 W130 L 32 L 79 W144 L 78 L120 ---- ---- ---- ---- 2.5
152 James E Barry W115 L 10 D 79 W108 L 36 L117 L 97 ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- 2.5
153 Harry Borochow W 89 W156 L 2 D 33 ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- 2.5
154 Walter Otteson L 21 L132 L133 W148 L 89 L143 W135 L119 L131 L130 ---- ---- 2.0
155 Ben Kakimi D 81 L 30 L 60 D112 D100 L108 L125 L128 ---- ---- ---- ---- 1.5
156 John Alexander W133 L153 L106 L121 L118 ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- ---- 1.0
MILESTONES15: Herman Steiner
10: Larry Melvyn Evans
Sources
American Chess Bulletin, September/October 1955, pp. 66-67, 76.
Chess Life, August 20, 1955; September 5, 1955; September 20, 1955.
Chess Review, October 1955, pp. 290-292.
New York Times, tournament reports, August 4-21, 1955.
PREVIOUS: Game Collection: US Open 1954, New Orleans.
NEXT: Game Collection: US Open 1956, Oklahoma City.
SEE ALSO: Game Collection: US Open Tournament Index.
Kibitzing
