Mikhail Ivanovich Chigorin (Михаил Иванович Чигорин), born Gatchina RUS; died Lublin POL (Russian Empire).
Chigorin (also spelled Tchigorin, Tjigorin, or Tschigorin) grew up as an orphan in Gatchina.(1) He died after a long illness on January 25, 1908, in Lublin, Poland,(2) in the presence of his wife and his daughter.(1) He was first buried in the Lublin cemetery, but was later moved to the Novodevichy Cemetery in St. Petersburg. Chigorin was the first Russian player to participate in International tournaments, and he is credited with initiating the flourishing of Chess in Russia in the 20th century.(3)
Early Career
He learned to play chess already at the Gatchina orphanage, where his schoolteacher was his first chess teacher. Later, Emmanuel Schiffers became his teacher.(1) Chigorin's first tournament appearance was at the 1875 St. Petersburg Handicap tournament, where he came in 3rd (Schiffers won).(2) In the following years, Chigorin only worked as the editor of Schachmaty and Schachmatny Listok.(2)(3) Yet his playing strength increased, and he won the St. Petersburg tournaments in 1877, 1879 and 1880.(4) He was also successful in matches against Schiffers, winning in Chigorin - Schiffers, 1st Match (1878), Chigorin - Schiffers, 3rd Match (1879) and 1880,(5) and narrowly losing in Chigorin - Schiffers, 2nd Match (1878). Chigorin also beat Semyon Alapin in matches in 1880 and 1881.(6)
International events
His first International tournament at 2nd DSB Congress, Berlin (1881) was a great success as he shared 3rd-4th place with Simon Winawer, both the first Eastern European players to compete internationally.(3) After a mediocre result at Vienna (1882), he came in 4th at London (1883). Chigorin had become one of the strongest players in the world,(3)(7) but took a break from tournament chess until 1889. He celebrated his comeback with a shared 1st place New York (1889) together with Max Weiss .(8)
World Championship Matches
He played two World Championship matches against Wilhelm Steinitz, losing Steinitz - Chigorin World Championship Match (1889) and Steinitz - Chigorin World Championship Rematch (1892).
Later Career
In matches, he drew World Championship Challengers Isidor Gunsberg in 1890,(9) and Siegbert Tarrasch in 1893.(10) Chigorin beat Wilhelm Steinitz in a 2-games cable match played from 1890 to 1891, which created widespread interest.(11)(12) One of his greatest successes was his 2nd place behind Harry Pillsbury in Hastings (1895) ahead of Dr. Emanuel Lasker, Siegbert Tarrasch and Wilhelm Steinitz, when his play was considered to have been the strongest in the tournament.(2)(3) Furthermore, he won 1st place in Budapest (1896) after play-off and at the King's Gambit tournament Vienna (1903). In 1906, Chigorin beat Georg Salwe in a match in Lodz.(13)
Contributions to Chess Theory
Chigorin has many openings named after him, most notably the Chigorin Variation of the Ruy Lopez (1.e4 e5 2.♘f3 ♘c6 3.♗b5 a6 4.♗a4 ♘f6 5.0-0 ♗e7 6.♖e1 b5 7. ♗b3 d6 8.c3 0-0 9.h3 ♘a5) and Chigorin's Defense to the Queen's Gambit (1.d4 d5 2.c4 ♘c6).
Opinions
Garry Kasparov : "In many respects his style was the forerunner of Alekhine's style, and in the mid-20th century the young Spassky - a great connoisseur of Chigorin's games - played in a similar manner..." (Garry Kasparov, On my great predecessors Part I, Everyman Chess, 2003, page 75)
Sources
(1) Olga M Kusakova-Chigorina, My Father, Mikhail Chigorin, Novoye Russkoye Slovo, No. 16290, February 2, 1958. Retrieved from mishanp, August 18, 2010, http://www.chessintranslation.com/2...
(2) Adolf Zinkl in the Neuen Freien Presse of January 28, 1908. Reprinted on pages 40-41 of the February 1908 Wiener Schachzeitung. Provided in "ANNO / Österreichische Nationalbibliothek"
(3) St. Petersburger Zeitung of January 15, 1908. Reprinted on pages 38-40 of the February 1908 Wiener Schachzeitung. Provided in "ANNO / Österreichische Nationalbibliothek"
(4) Rod Edwards, 1877: http://www.edochess.ca/tournaments/... 1879: http://www.edochess.ca/tournaments/... 1880: http://www.edochess.ca/tournaments/...
(5) Rod Edwards, 1880: http://www.edochess.ca/matches/m776...
(6) Rod Edwards, 1880: http://www.edochess.ca/matches/m777... 1881: http://www.edochess.ca/matches/m792...
(7) Rod Edwards, http://www.edochess.ca/players/p388...
(8) Rod Edwards, http://www.edochess.ca/tournaments/...
(9) Rod Edwards, http://www.edochess.ca/matches/m927...
(10) Rod Edwards, http://www.edochess.ca/matches/m101...
(11) Kurt Landsberger, William Steinitz - Chess Champion 2d ed. (McFarland 1995), p.251
(12) Page 6 of the New York Sun, November 20, 1890 (noted by John Blackstone (Las Vegas, NV, USA). Retrieved in Jacques N. Pope's http://www.chessarch.com/excavation... ); and Wilhelm Steinitz on page 4 of the New York Tribune, May 1, 1891. Retrieved in Edward Winter's C.N. 7851, http://www.chesshistory.com/
(13) Rod Edwards, http://www.edochess.ca/matches/m146...
notes: Chigorin played consultation chess on the teams of Lasker / Chigorin / Marshall / Teichmann & Steinitz / Chigorin