- WCC: FIDE World Championship Knockout 2001
1 game, 2001 - WCC: FIDE World Championship Knockout Tournament
1 game, 2001 - WCC: FIDE World Championship Knockout Tournament
1 game, 2001 - WCC: FIDE World Championship Tournament 2005
1 game, 2005 - WCC: FIDE World Championship Tournament 2007
1 game, 2007 - WCC: Fischer vs FIDE, 1975
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Original: Karpov - Fischer World Championship Match (1975) [[Fischer vs FIDE, 1975
Fischer forfeits.
After defeating Spassky in 1972, Bobby Fischer stopped playing serious chess, turning down several lucrative offers to play in public. In 1974, Fischer's challenger was decided: he was an emerging Russian chess superstar, Anatoly Karpov, who had defeated Korchnoi in the candidate's final to earn him the right to challenge Fischer. In September, 1973, Fred Cramer, Vice President (Zone 5) of FIDE, proposed that the world championship match be decided on 10 wins, draws not counting. He also proposed that the champion retains his title if it were a 9-9 tie. This became known as the Cramer proposal. Fischer telegrammed FIDE informing them that they should adopt the Cramer proposal.1 Opponents of the proposal argued that the unlimited format is impractical, and that the 9-9 rule affords the champion too great of an advantage. Proponents claimed that the proposal would encourage exciting chess (because draws do not count) and that it more accurately determined the better player. Fischer argued the merits of the proposal in a 1974 letter to FIDE: The first player to win ten games, draws not counting, with unlimited number of games wins the match. If the score is nine wins to nine wins, draws not counting, the champion retains title and the match is declared drawn with the money split equally. Versus the old system of the best of 24 games wins the match (12.5 points) and if 12-12 the match is drawn with the champion retaining the title and prize fund is split equally. Draws do count in this system.
The unlimited match favors the better player. This is the most important point, because in the limited game system the match outcome can turn on a very low number of wins, giving the weaker player a chance to "luck out." Also, in the limited game system the player who takes a game or two lead has an advantage out of all proportion. This creates an added element of chance. The player who wins the match should be the player who plays best over the long run, not the player who jumps off to an early lead.2 In June, 1974, the FIDE Congress in Nice approved the 10-win regulation and the elimination of draws from the scoring, but imposed a 36-game limit and rejected the 9-9 proposal. On June 27, 1974, Fischer sent a telegram from Pasadena, California to the FIDE Congress:
As I made clear in my telegram to the FIDE delegates, the match conditions I proposed were non-negotiable ... FIDE has decided against my participation in the 1975 World Chess Championship. I therefore resign my FIDE World Championship title.
In March, 1975, an extraordinary FIDE Congress was held in Osterbek, Netherlands, and it was agreed to have an unlimited number of world championship games, but still refused the 9-9 rule (32 votes for it, and 35 votes against it). 3 Fischer, unwilling to budge, refused to defend his title. In Karpov's memoirs he recounts how he was disappointed to not have a chance to become champion in the traditional manner: I don't know how Fischer feels about it, but I consider it a huge loss that he and I never played our match. I felt like the child who has been promised a wonderful toy and has it offered to him but then, at the last moment, it's taken away.4
On April 3rd, 1975, Karpov was declared the 12th World Champion.]] [Karpov on Karpov: Memoirs of a Chess World Champion, by Anatoly Karpov, Athenuem Press, 1992.]
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3 games, 1953-1954 - WCC: Fischer- Spassky 1972
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Original: Spassky - Fischer World Championship Match (1972) http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/... #########################
-<Venue> The Exhibition Hall in Laugardal (hot spring valley), Reykjavik. -<Seconds> Geller (Spassky) and Lombardy (Fischer) -Harry Golombek, "Reykjavik 1972: Fischer v Spassky" (Hardinge Simpole 2007), p.53 -<Arbiter> Lothar Schmid -<Assistant Arbiter> Gudmundur Arnlaugsson -Harry Golombek, "Reykjavik 1972: Fischer v Spassky" (Hardinge Simpole 2007), p.54 -<FIDE Representative> Harry Golombek --Harry Golombek, "Reykjavik 1972: Fischer v Spassky" (Hardinge Simpole 2007), p.55 #########################
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<"...since it would have been grossly unfair for Spassky to have to wait for another three and a half weeks whilst he won game by game after default and there was nothing in the rules covering such a situation, I telephoned the President of the World Chess Federation, Dr. Euwe, describing the situation. He sent a cable which in effect said that <<<if Bobby Fischer forfeited the next three games then he, the President, would declare the match lost for him>>> and that Spassky would thus retain his title."> --Harry Golombek, "Reykjavik 1972: Fischer v Spassky" (Hardinge Simpole 2007), p.55 ################################
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EDIT <OhioChessFan> Boris Spassky interview with <Lev Khariton>: LK: <<After the first two games you were leading by two points. Bobby did not turn up for the 2nd game after quarrelling with the organisers.>BS: After the 2nd game I could have returned to Moscow. There was only one way I could have won this match: before the 3rd game, when Bobby raised a scandal with the organisers, I should have resigned this game. LK: <But that sounds quite absurd!> BS: Why? I was about to do so, but I was the Chess King and I could not go back upon my word. I had promised to play this game. As a result, I destroyed my fighting spirit and the match which promised to be a great chess feast turned into a litigation. Some days before the start of the 3rd game I spoke for half an hour on the telephone with Pavlov, president of the Soviet Sports Committee. He demanded that I should declare an ultimatum which, I was sure, Fischer, Euwe and the organisers would have never accepted; so, the match would be broken off. The whole telephone conversation was just a never-ending exchange of two phrases: ‘Boris Vassilievich, you must declare an ultimatum!’; to which I responded, ‘Sergei Pavlovich, I shall play the match!’ After this conversation I spent three hours in bed shivering with nervousness. Actually I saved Fischer when I agreed to play the 3rd game. So, the match was practically finished after this game. In the second half of the match I simply did not have the energy. A chess player in such a match is like a car which has too little fuel left. And if you have to go 500 kilometres with practically no fuel, where will the car take you? Unfortunately, most of the chess public is not aware of it.> -Lev Khariton, "No Regrets: Boris Spassky at 60" in "Kingpin no. 29" (Autumn 1998)
http://www.kingpinchess.net/2007/11...
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3 games, 1972 - WCC: Karpov-Kamsky FIDE Championship 1996
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Original: Karpov - Kamsky FIDE World Championship Match (1996) DRAFT <Chessical> This was an ill-starred match: unattractive to potential sponsors, held at the last minute in a remote central Asian capital and overshadowed by interest in the forthcoming much better publicised and financed PCA world championship Garry Kasparov Viswanathan Anand (Chess, November 1995, vol.60, no.8 p.19).
By June 1995 Kamsky was the world’s third rated player (2730) (Chess, June 1995, vol.60, no.3 p.4). He was advancing very rapidly in elite events.
In 1994, Kamsky won the Las Palmas tournament (ahead of Anatoly Karpov ), shared first prize with Karpov and Michael Adams at Dos Hermanas1995 , and finished second (behind Karpov) in Groningen 1995 . He also was successful in the concurrent FIDE and PCA Candidates cycles. He defeated Paul van der Sterren (FIDE), Vladimir Kramnik (PCA), Viswanathan Anand (FIDE), Nigel Short (PCA) and Valery Salov (Semi Final Fide), but lost to Anand at Las Palmas (PCA) in June 1995.
Yet, he felt marginalised. His father, Rustam Kamsky, made matters worse. He had accused the FIDE Semi Finals’ sponsor, the millionaire cement magnate Ravi Sanghi , of treating the Kamskys as an “under class” and of avoiding paying their travelling expenses. Although Rustam apologised the next day, Sanghi stated he would not be involved with events with “that man” again. (Chess, April 1995, vol.60, no.1 p.15). With that, the FIDE Championship lost its probable sponsor.
By July 1st no sponsors of the FIDE world championship match. (Chess, August 1995, vol.60, no.5 p.4). Karpov was holding out for the FIDE minimum prize fund of 1,000,000 Swiss francs , but if there was no match before 1996 he will play the PCA champion by default. (Chess, November 1995, vol.60, no.8 p.19).
FIDE president Campomanes had announced at the Moscow Olympiad that the match would be in Montreal (Chess, February 1996, vol.60, no.11 p.14-15). Then at the FIDE Congress at Noisy-le-Grand in November 1995, he had announced it would be played in Montreal. Both fell through, and led to Campomanes’ resignation of the presidency in favour of Kirsan Ilyumzhinov.
Meanwhile the relations between Karpov and Kamsky had soured.
Karpov: He thinks there are lots of people out there happy to give him a million dollars. Well, that is not exactly the case. I go searching for sponsors for our match and he profits, but he forgets that it is not my duty to organise the match it is FIDE’s…he relaxes…with lots of time to study my games…he thinks that the whole world is conspiring against him…that sort of attitude is beginning to irritate me…” (Chess, March 1996, vol.60, no.12 p.12-13).
Kamsky : (Karpov) never gives exact answers…By now we understand why people in the past started to hate him…it is in his interest to keep postponing the match and that is exactly what he has been doing…I am not getting my rightful chance to play him…at least four big cities are willing to organise…a match…but Karpov is time and time again frustrating these initiatives. (Chess, March 1996, vol.60, no.12 p.12-13).
Ilyumzhinov then approached his friend the Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein to sponsor the match in Baghdad. (Chess, April 1996, vol.61, no.1 p.46-47) for $2,000,000. The US State Department, however, told Kamsky that if he played there he would be fined at least S1,000,000 for breaking US economic sanctions against Iraq. The USCF President Denis Barry requested a change of venue. (http://archive.uschess.org/news/arc...)
On 21 April, FIDE notified Gata Kamsky that Iljumzhinov had put up $1,100,000 for the match to take place in Elista, Kalmykia. (http://archive.uschess.org/news/arc...)
Kamsky, who had left the USSR in 1989, did not want to play in a Russian republic as he feared being enlisted into the military, and as it was a Russian venue for Karpov. Ilyumzhinov insisted, and if stated if Kamsky did not play he would be replaced with Valery Salov the defeated Candidates finalist. (Chess, June 1996, vol.61, no.3 p.4).
Match terms and conditions :
The match was played from June 6th to July 10th, 1996. It was the best of 20 games in which no time outs were allowed. There were no draw odds in favour of the Champion, If tied, the match would continue with a two game mini-match. The prize fund was S1,100,000 USD, split 5/8 for the winner and loser 3/8 for the loser.
Kamsky’s seconds were Predrag Nikolic and Loek van Wely and John Fedorowicz who stayed until Game 10 (Chess, October 1996, vol.61, no.7 p.16).
Karpov’s seconds were Vladimir Epishin and Mikhail Podgaets.
The arbeirter was Geurt Gijssen (http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geurt_... and http://schaaksite.nl/page.php?al=ge...).
The progress of the match:
Karpov never was behind in this match. By half-way, he had a three point lead, having played very polished positional chess. Kamsky tried hard but could not catch his 23 year’s older opponent up although in the second half he won two games to one.
During the match Rustam was once again at the centre of a controversy when he found GM Evgeni Vasiukov and IM Vladimir Gagarin using a computer in what he described as “a hidden back stage computer room” to analyze the games for the daily bulletin. Rustam Kamsky, fearing that the analysis was being transmitted to Karpov, accused them publically of cheating. (http://www.01chess.com/mainmore.php)
The games were long one of positional manoeuvring. Kamsky was very nervous and “rusty” as he had not played for eight months (Chess, October 1996, vol.61, no.7 p.16).
Kamsky lost 7½–10½ (+3=9−6) “what he definitely lacked was Karpov’s flexibility and depth of positional evaluation, which ultimately decide the match”. Kasparov “On My Great Predecessors”, Part 5, p.460). He then gave up chess until 1999, when he returned to play in the FIDE Knockout World Championship event in Las Vegas.
“Unable to fight against Russian political machine, computers, coaches and seconds working for Karpov, Gata Kamsky decided to stop playing chess as his protest against dirty chess methods and numerous violations of sports and ethical rules during the 1996 Kamsky-Karpov match. Gata was morally and psychiatrically devastated…” (http://www.01chess.com/mainmore.php - Gata Kamsky International Chess & Sports Foundation)
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3 games, 1996 - WCC: Karpov-Kasparov 1984-85
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Original: Karpov - Kasparov World Championship Match (1984/85) http://chesshistory.com/winter/extr... http://chesshistory.com/winter/wint... http://www.aif.ru/society/history/1...
http://toptoptopaet.narod.ru/848586...
http://www.chesslibrary.ru/publ/ehn... http://www.chesslibrary.ru/publ/ehn... The (1985) match inherited a spirit of distrust and division. There were two points of considerable contention. These were: the manner in which the first match had been terminated, and secondly the new system which had just been brought in to decide the challenger for the world championship. The previous match had been terminated by FIDE president Campomanes who had explained his actions thus: (the match) “has exhausted the physical, if not the psychological resources, of not only of the participants but all those connected with the match…” (p254, “Kasparov v Karpov 1975-85”). A new world championship match in September 1986 would now take place with the scores at 0-0. Camponmanes further stated that Karpov had wanted to continue he match and was well. Karpov, himself announced ” … we can, and do, want to continue the match. I do not agree with the decision to end it and start again from scratch. I think that Mr Kasparov will second this”. (Chess, vol 49, nos 943-4, February 1985, p.284.) At the inconclusive end of the first match, Karpov was in the lead by 5-3 with 40 draws. He needed only one win to take the match, whilst Kasparov needed three more. Karpov, however, had last tasted victory in Game 27. In the next 21 games, he won none but lost three, the last two of which were in succession. So, at this point in the match, Karpov had only managed to win one game out of the previous 39. This has led to a debate as to whether Karpov had been so exhausted by the prolonged struggle that he would have physically or mentally collapsed. He had already come close to physical exhaustion in similar circumstances against Korchnoi – Karpov - Korchnoi Candidates Final (1974). Then he had managed to hold on and win the match despite the crisis of two games being lost in succession cutting his lead down to a single point. Kasparov considered that terminating the match had been both unfair and illegal, and that it had come about through the machinations of the president of FIDE Campomanes on the urging of the Soviet Chess Federation. To the evident embarrassment of the Soviet establishment, he had made his protests vigorously and directly to the world’s press and to Campomanes. Camponmanes stated that Karpov wanted to continue he match and was well. Karpov, himself announced ”…we can, and do, want to continue the match. I do not agree with the decision to end it and start again from scratch. I think that Mr Kasparov will second this”. (Chess, vol 49, nos 943-4, February 1985, p.284.) Kasparov made it plain that he did not believe that Karpov truly wanted the match to continue “I became convinced that the decision to stop the match was carried out not so much because of any risk to the champions’ health, but rather in view of his psychological exhaustion, confusion and the fear of continuing”. (Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, Part 1: 1973-1985, p.513) In the end, however, the decision to terminate the match stood. The prestige of both FIDE and the Soviet Chess Federation was diminished. There was a powerful and vocal body of opinion outside of the Soviet Union who saw the decision as a dishonest fix. “FIDE has suffered a bad blow to its prestige if a world championship can be stopped on a pretext if the organisers don’t like the player who looks like winning”. (Chess, vol 49, nos 943-4, February 1985, p.285.) The decision, however, stood. Furthermore, the next match would not be replayed under the same unlimited game format. Kasparov also considered that FIDE had created a new system to select the World Champion which was biased in favour Karpov’s interest. (Chess, vol 49, nos 943-4, February 1985, p.284.) In July 1985, the FIDE Executive council had convened in Tunisia to determine the format of the next world championship cycle. They decided that instead of an unlimited match format the winner was to be the player who scored the best of 24 games, and in the case of a tie the reigning champion Karpov would retain the title. Karpov as reigning champion would also have an automatic right of rematch.
In August 1985, and only three days before the start of the second match, the termination of its precursor was endorsed by FIDE’s AGM in Graz. They also ruled that in the case of a draw Karpov would remain champion, but if he lost he would be seeded directly into the Candidates Event at the quarter final stage (p.8, “Kasparov v Karpov 1986-87”). The FIDE congress had created a system which would only to apply to the next cycle. This gave an appearance of partiality in favour of Karpov as he would significantly benefit from these innovations. #######################
Some info important for other world championship matches from W Harenberg's interview with Karpov, Die Affäre kostete mich den Titel, Der Spiegel, 26 December 1988, issue 52, http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print....
The whole prize fund of their 1986 world championship match in London was donated by both, Karpov and Kasparov, to the Chernobyl funds. When asked about the hostility between Kasparov and him, Karpov pointed towards Kasparov's social environment. The interviewer then asked, if he meant Kasparov's mother. Karpov names Alexander Nikitin, who acted upon Kasparov's mother. Karpov recalls an incident from the 1987 match in Seville. In game 2 - Kasparov vs Karpov, 1987 - Kasparov forgot to press his clock. Karpov didn't notify him. Kasparov, who lost that game, already had a hopeless position when he forgot to press the clock according to Karpov and also the Seville match books. Yet, Kasparov played up the clock incident. Karpov said, that he had wanted to play against Fischer and that's why he met with him 3 times to persuade him. He believes that Fischer was slightly stronger than him in 1975, assessing chances 60 to 40% in Fischer's favor. He believes that he was stronger than Fischer in 1976. Kasparov accused his former second Evgeny Vladimirov of (1) having secretly worked for Karpov and (2) was later employed in Karpov's team, working together with him in the training camps in Tashkent and Odessa. Karpov answers that he knew Vladimirov from Soviet youth teams. Vladimirov was neither Karpov's spy, nor did he belong to his team in Tashkent or Odessa. Kasparov needed a scapegoat, because he didn't win the match in Seville. According to Karpov [and, btw., Kasparov himself], Kasparov had never any evidence for these accusations. Karpov never thought about asking Vladimirov for help and he had lately seen him only once, when they played for the same team at the European Championship. Karpov never saw the recordings, Vladimirov had made as Kasparov's trainer. He asks Karpov about Tofik Dadashev, the clairvoyant who had once been employed by Kasparov, but was now allegedly working for Karpov. Karpov says that he saw him in the playing hall several times, also during the 22nd game in Leningrad of the 1986 match. Karpov considered Dadashev's presence to be a strain, pressure. Rumour has it, that Dadashev switched over to Karpov some time between the 3rd and 4th match, i. e. 1986/87. Karpov denies that. Dadashev was not his counsellor. He just came to him, because he felt guilty due to the aforementioned 22nd game. Karpov only wanted to know, what he had told Kasparov about him, which of Karpov's weaknesses he had examined. (Karpov mentions that Smyslov got red ears, when he had a bad position). Regarding the cancelled match 1984/85, Karpov considers the cancellation to have been a great mistake. When he ought to agree to the cancellation, the cancellation had already been decided upon. Kasparov should thank Campomanes for the cancellation and light a candle in a church for him, instead of publicly attacking him. The cancellation was the worst possible decision. Both were exhausted, but Karpov needed only one more win, while Kasparov needed three - so every mistake could have ended the match for Kasparov. He assesses his chances to become challenger again in 1990 to be very good. If he keeps his good form, they are decidedly greater than Harenberg's suggested 50 to 50, at least 60% (at least!). #####################
"Chess Library" Encyclopedia chapters on Kasparov: http://www.chesslibrary.ru/publ
http://www.chesslibrary.ru/publ/ehn...
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3 games, 1984 - WCC: Karpov-Kasparov, 1985
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Karpov - Kasparov World Championship Match (1985) (3 Sept - 9 Nov 1985) Game Collection: Amsterdam OHRA 1985 DRAFT <Chessical> Editing by <OhioChessFan>, <Karpova> and <JFQ> After 48 games had been played in the Karpov - Kasparov World Championship Match (1984/85), FIDE president Florencio Campomanes canceled the event while it was still in progress. He stated that the match had "exhausted the physical, if not the psychological resources, of not only the participants but all those connected with the match...”<1> No winner was declared, so Anatoly Karpov retained the title. A new world championship match would now begin on September 3, 1985 with the initial score set at 0-0. Karpov prepared for the match by winning the tough Category 14 “OHRA Crown Group” in Amsterdam, July 15-26, 1985. He also underwent a rigorous exercise program: "Tennis... and swimming, in my opinion, are the perfect combination of physical activity, allowing one to be in excellent condition."<2>
Garry Kasparov prepared by playing a match against Robert Huebner in Hamburg, May 27–June 4, 1985 (+3 -0 =3), and another match against Ulf Andersson in Belgrade May 12–June 20, 1985 (+2 -0 =4).<3> Kasparov then began further preparation with his team in Zağulba Bağları, Azerbaijan. He remarked that “by September... I felt far more confident than a year earlier. I had become stronger and had more stamina. My store of opening ideas had been thoroughly replenished.”<4> Mikhail Botvinnik predicted that "If Kasparov has an equal score...after 10-12 games, he will have a good chance to win the match."<5> FIDE introduced a 24 game limit, with the title holder Karpov enjoying draw odds. If Karpov lost, he also had the automatic right to a rematch.<6> The prize for the match was 1.6 million Swiss Francs, with 62.5% going to the champion.<7> For each draw, FIDE would deduct 1% of the purse, and fine each player a further 1%.<2> The arbiters were Andrei Malchev and Vladas Mikenas.<8> Kasparov had vociferously, and successfully, objected to FIDE’s first choice of Svetozar Gligoric and Anton Kinzel, the arbiters from the Karpov - Kasparov World Championship Match (1984/85), because he thought they had been too ready to follow Campomanes.<9> Karpov's seconds were Vadim Zaitsev,
Yuri Balashov,<10> Efim Geller, Sergey Makarichev and Evgeni Vasiukov.<11> Kasparov's seconds were Aleksander Nikitin,
assisted by Iossif Dorfman, Igor Timoshenko, Yevgeniy Vladimirov and
Alexander Shakarov.<10> The match was played in the Tchaikovsky Hall, Moscow. Dominic Lawson describes the scene: “...amongst the 1,500 spectators and the tens of millions of Soviet chess fans outside, there are no
neutrals... Thousands stand in rows six feet deep all around the cordoned off Mayakovsky Square before the start of each game. A ticket for a good seat costs 2½ roubles but on the black market they are changing hands at 15 roubles...”<12> Kasparov won the <1st game>-<insert game link here> Kasparov vs Karpov, 1985. Karpov evened the score in <game 4>-<insert game link here> Karpov vs Kasparov, 1985 by manoeuvering to build an overwhelming kingside attack, and then went ahead 2-1 when Kasparov pressed too hard for a win in <game 5.>-<insert game link here> Kasparov vs Karpov, 1985 Karpov now experienced a period of weak play that lasted throughout the month of October. It started in <game 11,>-<insert game link here> Kasparov vs Karpov, 1985 when Karpov made the crude blunder 22...Rcd8. Kasparov won the game with a queen sacrifice, tying the match. Karpov explains that he became distracted when the German news magazine "Der Spiegel" published a controversial story on September 30. It was about a large sum of money Karpov had allegedly received from a computer sponsorship deal, without notifying the Soviet authorities. This would have constituted a major violation of the exchange control regulations. Karpov was later cleared of the accusations. In an 1988 interview, Karpov agreed with the observation that he never played worse in a match against Kasparov than from October 1 to October 24, 1985. Furthermore, he said that Kasparov would not have become world champion in 1985 without help from "Der Spiegel."<13> In <game 16>-<insert game link here> Karpov vs Kasparov, 1985 Kasparov took the lead with what he regarded to be the “most beautiful” of the match and also “an important turning point. After this game I felt I could win the title, that I must win it. At the same time it became clear that Karpov felt the exact opposite.”<14> Karpov reported that in home analysis before the game, his second Efim Geller had found the improvement 12.Be3, but forgot to tell him!<11> After a drawn <17th game>-<insert game link here> Kasparov vs Karpov, 1985 Kasparov took a time out, assuming that Karpov would go all out against him with the white pieces in <game 18.>-<insert game link here> Karpov vs Kasparov, 1985 <5> Kasparov secured a two point lead when Karpov lashed out unsuccessfully on the kingside in <game 19.>-<insert game link here> Kasparov vs Karpov, 1985 The drawn <game 21>-<insert game link here> Kasparov vs Karpov, 1985 ended unexpectedly after Kasparov suddenly noticed a flaw in his adjournment analysis.This seems to have encouraged Karpov, and Kasparov took another time out.<15> Karpov cut the lead to a point by playing aggressively with the white pieces in <game 22.>-<insert game link here> Karpov vs Kasparov, 1985 Kasparov explained that he “underestimated the opponent’s pawn offensive on the kingside.”<16> In <game 24>-<insert game link here> Karpov vs Kasparov, 1985 Karpov needed to win in order to tie the match and retain his title. In a "superb fighting game, worthy of a world championship decider,” Karpov built up a promising attacking position, but miscalculated after Kasparov sacrificed two pawns.<17> Garry Kasparov won the game, and so became the 13th world chess champion. Kasparov summed up the match as follows: “Karpov made the best even in unfavourable positions, exploiting every chance when positions were in his favour. He achieved outstanding performances…Towards the end of the match my confidence was slightly shaken by excitement and nervous stress; however, I managed to pull myself together for the final game. I realised that Karpov would have to do his utmost to win... In experience, I was behind Karpov but youth has an advantage; more surplus energy.”<18> Mikhail Tal called this "one of the most interesting matches in the history of chess." He praised Kasparov's "sharp, aggressive style," and remarked that "I only wish that his stay on the throne will not be as short as mine!"<5> On December 5, 1985 Karpov exercised his contractual right to a rematch, which was scheduled to start in the summer of 1986.<19> <Notes>
1 Garry Kasparov, “Kasparov v Karpov 1975-85” (Everyman Chess 2009), p.254 2 <"Anatoly Karpov Chapter 2- Matches, Tournaments, Rivals Part 3"> In "Chess Library Encyclopedia" http://www.chesslibrary.ru/publ/ehn...> 3 Garry Kasparov, "Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, Part 1: 1973-1985" (Everyman Chess 2011), p.7 4 “Kasparov v Karpov 1975-85” p.277
5 <"Garry Kasparov Chapter 2- Matches, Tournaments, Rivals Part 3"> In "Chess Library Encyclopedia"
http://www.chesslibrary.ru/publ/ehn... 6 <"Anatoly Karpov - Kasparov September 3 - November 9, 1985 Moscow (USSR)."> In "Official Site of the FIDE World Chess Championship Match" http://moscow2012.fide.com/en/histo... 7 "Chess" vol 50, nos. 963-4 (Dec 1985), p.226
8 “Kasparov v Karpov 1975-85” p.272
9 “Kasparov v Karpov 1975-85” p.273
10 “Kasparov v Karpov 1975-85” pp.54, 277
11 Jan Timman and Cornelius van Wijgerden, <"Schaken met Jan Timman"> (Hilversum: Teleac/NOT 1997), TV episode. User: Stonehenge transl. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f6x7... 12 Dominic Lawson, "Financial Times" (19 Oct 1985). In "Chess" vol 50, nos. 961-2 (Nov 1985), p.198 13 The background is that Karpov had advertised chess computers and should have received $446,177.50 by 1981 via middleman Helmut Jungwirth. Jungwirth claimed that he had transferred the money to Karpov. Karpov maintained that he had not received the money and had been deceived by Jungwirth. In the 1988 interview, Karpov explained that he had possessed evidence against Jungwirth and informed the Soviet authorities already in 1984. The article still unsettled Karpov, since it tried to discredit him and insinuated that he may have actually received the money. He was sealed off from the public during the match, but learned about the content of the article very soon after it was published. What Karpov termed the "other side" was anxious to draw his attention to the reports. Karpov filed a lawsuit at the Hamburg court of justice in mid-1985 before a statute of limitation would prevent him doing so, and Jungwirth lost the lawsuit in 1988. Jungwirth had to pay Karpov 800,000 Deutsch Marks, which Karpov pledged to donate to the Soviet Union to support sports, especially chess. Sources: Victor Baturinsky, Das Schachgenie Karpow, Benita Spielhaus transl. (Berlin, Sportverlag 1991), p.157; <Toljas Million>, "Der Spiegel", issue 40, (30 Sept 1985) http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print... interview with Karpov by W Harenberg, <Diese Affäre kostete mich den Titel>, "Der Spiegel", issue 52 (26 Dec 1988) http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print.... 14 "Chess" vol 50, nos 965-6 (Dec 1985), p.278
15 “Kasparov v Karpov 1975-85” p.392
16 “Kasparov v Karpov 1975-85” p.395
17 "Chess" vol 50, nos. 963-4 (Dec 1985), p.242 18 "Chess" vol 50, nos. 963-4 (Dec 1985), p.225
19 "Kasparov v Karpov 1975-85" p.8
###################
"Chess Library" Encyclopedia chapters on Kasparov: http://www.chesslibrary.ru/publ
########################
"Anatoly Karpov - Kasparov
September 3 - November 9, 1985 Moscow (USSR)." In Official Site of the FIDE World Chess Championship Match http://moscow2012.fide.com/en/histo... "Chess" vol 50, nos. 963-4 (Dec 1985)
Jan Timman and Cornelius van Wijgerden, "Schaken met Jan Timman" (Hilversum: Teleac/NOT 1997), TV episode. User: Stonehenge transl. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f6x7... Dominic Lawson, "Financial Times" (19 Oct 1985). In "Chess" vol 50, nos. 961-2 (Nov 1985), p.198 Victor Davidovich Baturinsky, "Das Schachgenie Karpow" Benita Spielhaus, transl. (Berlin, Sportverlag 1991), p.157; "Toljas Million" in "Der Spiegel" issue 40 (30 Sept 1985) http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print... "Chess" vol 50, nos 965-6 (Dec 1985)
<The background is that Karpov had advertised chess computers and should have received $446,177.50 by 1981 via middleman Helmut Jungwirth. Jungwirth claimed that he had transferred the money to Karpov. Karpov maintained that he had not. In the 1988 interview, Karpov explained that he had possessed evidence against Jungwirth and informed the Soviet authorities already in 1984. The article still unsettled Karpov, since it tried to discredit him and insinuated that he may have actually received the money. He was sealed off from the public during the match, but learned about the content of the article very soon. The other side was anxious to draw his attention to the reports. Karpov filed a lawsuit at the Hamburg court of justice in mid-1985 to avoid a statute of limitation, and Jungwirth was found guilty in 1988. Jungwirth had to pay Karpov 800,000 Deutsch Mark, which he wanted to give to the Soviet Union to support sports, especially chess. <Victor Baturinsky, Das Schachgenie Karpow, Benita Spielhaus transl. (Berlin, Sportverlag 1991), p.157; "Toljas Million" "Der Spiegel" issue 40, (30 Sept 1985) http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print... interview with Karpov by W Harenberg, "Diese Affäre kostete mich den Titel" "Der Spiegel" issue 52 (26 Dec 1988) http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print.... > ##############
This game also featured a Karpov blunder, 22...Rcd8? that had a curious story behind it. Karpov later claimed he had been distracted due to controversy over a sponsorship deal. A September 30 article by "Der Spiegel" reported that Karpov had been paid more than a million Deutsche Marks to advertise chess computers for the Jungwirth company. Karpov, however, maintained that he had not yet received these funds. This was a serious detail, because if he had been paid and not informed the Soviet government, he would have violated the currency exchange regulations of the Soviet Union. <Victor Davidovich Baturinsky, "Das Schachgenie Karpow" Benita Spielhaus, transl. (Berlin, Sportverlag 1991), p.157; "Toljas Million" in "Der Spiegel" issue 40 (30 Sept 1985) http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print...> ##########################
<Narrative of the match> <Game 1>
Kasparov vs Karpov, 1985 <1-0> Kasparov won the first game
-------------
<Games 4 and 5> Karpov vs Kasparov, 1985 <1-0> Kasparov vs Karpov, 1985 <0=1> Karpov then posted two successive wins.
In the fourth game, Karpov manoeuvered to build an overwhelming K-side attack. In the fifth game Kasparov was over-anxious to win and lost. -----------------
<Game 11>
Kasparov vs Karpov, 1985 <1-0> Kasparov tied the match score in Game 11 with a queen sacrifice. Some information from <Victor Davidovich Baturinsky, "Das Schachgenie Karpow" Benita Spielhaus, transl. (Berlin, Sportverlag 1991), p.157; "Toljas Million" in "Der Spiegel" issue 40 (30 Sept 1985) http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print...> Game 11 - Kasparov vs Karpov, 1985 - ended with a victory for Kasparov after Karpov's crude blunder 22...Rcd8. Baturinsky explains that Karpov got distracted (p. 157): 'Der Spiegel' published an article on 30 September 1985 (1) which claimed that Karpov had made a deal to advertise chess computers already back in 1978 with Jungwirth. This deal netted him an honorary of more than a Million Deutsche Mark. Karpov filed a lawsuit at the Hamburg court of justice and Jungwirth was found guilty. In an interview with 'Der Spiegel' later, Karpov was asked about the time between October 1 and 24, 1985 when he lost 3 games, winning not a single one. He answered that he wouldn't have lost against Kasparov in 1985 without that article.(2) On p. 159, Baturinsky mentions an interview Kasparov gave 'Sowjetski Sport' after the match, in which Kasparov praised Karpov highly. This differs greatly from what Kasparov would write later in his now infamous 'Child of Change'. (1) 'Toljas Million' in 'Der Spiegel', 30 September 1985, issue 40, http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print... (The chess computers were produced by Novag in Hong Kong, belonging to Peter Auge. Auge sent the cheque (worth 1,200,000 Deutsche Mark in 1985) to Helmut Jungwirth. So now the question was if Karpov had ever received the money from Jungwirth (and, see below, Jungwirth was found guilty of beguilement in 1988). Karpov claimed he didn't and this was important, because of the exchange control regulations of the Soviet Union. Karpov would have massively violated them in case he had received the money and not told the Soviet Union so. This may explain why the article had such a huge impact on him) (2) W Harenberg (interviewed Karpov), 'Die Affäre kostete mich den Titel' in 'Der Spiegel, 26 December 1988, issue 52, http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print... (<KARPOW: Ohne den damaligen Bericht im SPIEGEL, also ohne Ihre Hilfe, hätte Kasparow mich 1985 nicht besiegt, wäre er zumindest damals nicht Weltmeister geworden. Insofern weiß ich nicht, ob der SPIEGEL oder ob Kasparow gegen mich gewonnen hat.>) <Karpov> "Without the former report in Der Spiegel, without your help, Kasparov had 1985 not defeated me, he would at least did not become world champion. To that extent I do not know if the MIRROR or whether Kasparov won against me." ------------------
Kasparov?: At the mid-point of the match “...all indications suggested that the most interesting stage was yet to come. Indeed, in the second half of the match... we began to play unrestrainedly, aiming to seize the initiative as soon as possible in every game. The intensity of the struggle was to grow from game to game...” (p.343 “Kasparov v Karpov 1975-85”). ---
<Game 16>
Karpov vs Kasparov, 1985 <0-1> According to Karpov his second Efim Gellr had found 12. Be3 before game 16 but forgot to tell him.
-<Jan Timman and Cornelius van Wijgerden, "Schaken met Jan Timman"
(Hilversum: Teleac/NOT, ©1997 TV episode> Between 10:20 and 11:10:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f6x7...
Translation by User: Stonehenge --------------
Kasparov regarded Game 16 to be the “most beautiful” of the match and also “an important turning point. After this game I felt I could win the title, that I must win it. At the same time it became clear that Karpov felt the exact opposite.” (Chess, vol 50, no.s 965-6, Christmas 1985, p.278.) ---
<Game 17>
Kasparov vs Karpov, 1985 <1/2> "After the 17th game Kasparov took a timeout, assuming that in the 18th game thechampion, having the white pieces, by all means would come down on him." <"Anatoly Karpov - Kasparov
September 3 - November 9, 1985 Moscow (USSR)." In Official Site of the FIDE World Chess Championship Match http://moscow2012.fide.com/en/histo...> ---
<Game 19>
Kasparov vs Karpov, 1985 <1-0> In Game 19, Karpov lashed out fatally on the K-side. (Karpov lost) ---
<Game 20>
Karpov vs Kasparov, 1985 <1/2> Two down, Karpov did not crack. In Game 20 he tried to win for 85 moves. ---
<Game 21>
Kasparov vs Karpov, 1985 Game 21 ended unexpectedly after Kasparov suddenly noticed a flaw in his adjournment analysis. (p.392 “Kasparov v Karpov 1975-85”).This seems to have encouraged Karpov, whilst Kasparov took a time out. ---
<Game 22>
Karpov vs Kasparov, 1985 <1-0> In Game 22, Karpov played aggressively as White and Kasparov “underestimated the opponent’s pawn offensive on the kingside”. (p.395 “Kasparov v Karpov 1975-85”). -------------------
<Game 23>
Kasparov vs Karpov, 1985 <1/2> Karpov was now only one game behind with two to play. Game 23 was drawn. ---
<Game 24>
Karpov vs Kasparov, 1985 <0-1> Karpov now had to win to tie the match and retain his title.Game 24 was “A superb fighting game, worthy of a world championship decider”. (Chess, vol 50, no.s 963-4, December 1985, p.242.) Karpov built up a promising attacking position, but miscalculated after Kasparov sacrificed two pawns. Kasparov thus became the thirtieth <?> world chess champion. <Post match summation> Karpov immediately exercised his contractual right to a rematch, which was scheduled to start in the summer of 1986. <"Anatoly Karpov - Kasparov
September 3 - November 9, 1985 Moscow (USSR)." In Official Site of the FIDE World Chess Championship Match http://moscow2012.fide.com/en/histo...> ---------------
After the closing ceremony, Petrosian said to Kasparov, "Garry, I'm sorry for you, because your happiest day is over!" <"Anatoly Karpov - Kasparov
September 3 - November 9, 1985 Moscow (USSR)." In Official Site of the FIDE World Chess Championship Match http://moscow2012.fide.com/en/histo...> -------------------
Kasparov had the most effective opening preparation. <According to whom?> Using the 4.f3 Nimzo-Indian, Kasparov won Games 1, 11, and 19. In game 12 and 16 he employed an innovative pawn sacrifice <what was the sacrifice> in the Sicilian, scoring 1½ from the two games as Black. Kasparov maintains that “This match was totally different from the first because we were both now playing attacking chess. It was a really tough fight. Everything was very direct. We were not just playing for microscopic advantages. Each game was of great importance and each decided something.” <"Chess" vol 50, nos. 965-6, (Christmas 1985), p.278.> Kasparov summed up the match as follows: “Karpov made the best even in unfavourable positions, exploiting every chance when positions were in his favour. He achieved outstanding performances…Towards the end of the match my confidence was slightly shaken by excitement and nervous stress; however, I managed to pull myself together for the final game. I realised that Karpov would have to do his utmost to win... In experience, I was behind Karpov but youth has an advantage; more surplus energy”. (Chess, vol 50, no.s 963-4, December 1985, p.225.) ++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++
<TO CHECK>
<1> check "champions'" in <Kasparov “became convinced that the decision to stop the match was carried out not so much because of any risk to the champions’ health, but rather in view of his psychological exhaustion, confusion and the fear of continuing”. (Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, Part 1: 1973-1985, p.513)> Does he mean just Karpov or both of them? If just Karpov, it must be "champion's." <2> <Kasparov had vociferously objected to FIDE’s first choice of Svetozar Gligoric and Anton Kinzel, the arbiters from the Karpov - Kasparov World Championship Match (1984/85), because he believed that they had supported Campomanes.> Did Kasparov mean they supported Compomanes' decision to halt the 1984-1985 match? <3> <At the mid-point of the match “...all indications suggested that the most interesting stage was yet to come. Indeed, in the second half of the match... we began to play unrestrainedly, aiming to seize the initiative as soon as possible in every game. The intensity of the struggle was to grow from game to game...” (p.343 “Kasparov v Karpov 1975-85”).> This is a Kasparov quote, right? Further conditions for match: Number of games, time control? <Answers from Chessical> <<WCC> Your questions and my responses: 1 Check "champions'" - <This should read "Champion's" as it refers only to Karpov. I mistyped the apostrophe>.
2 Kasparov had vociferously objected to FIDE’s first choice of Svetozar Gligoric and Anton Kinzel...Did Kasparov mean they supported Campomanes' decision to halt the 1984-1985 match? - <I used "believed" as this is what Kasparov's account states, but I have no direct evidence on what exactly Gligoric and Kinzel did or did not do. Whatever, it is the reason he gave to oppose their continued participation in the championship">.3 <At the mid-point of the match “...all indications suggested that the most interesting stage was yet to come...The intensity of the struggle was to grow from game to game...” (p.343 “Kasparov v Karpov 1975-85”).> This is a Kasparov quote, right? <Yes, it is a Kasparov quote> 4 Further conditions for match: Number of games, time control? <In July 1985, the FIDE Executive council had convened in Tunisia to determine the format of the next world championship cycle. They decided that instead of an unlimited match format the winner was to be the player who scored the best of 24 games, and in the case of a tie the reigning champion Karpov would retain the title. Karpov as reigning champion would also have an automatic right of rematch. In August 1985, and only three days before the start of the second match, the termination of its precursor was endorsed by FIDE’s AGM in Graz. They also ruled that in the case of a draw Karpov would remain champion, but if he lost he would be seeded directly into the Candidates Event at the quarter final stage (p.8, “Kasparov v Karpov 1986-87”).> <I do not know the time control, although I suspect it was 40 moves in 2 1/2 hours. Kasparov has the time control on move 40 (e.g. p.284 “Kasparov v Karpov 1975-85”) and comments on the 34th move of Game 54 that both he and Karpov "had about 3-4 minutes left" (p.289 “Kasparov v Karpov 1975-85”). Also there is no indication that the time control had changed since the first match.>> +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
- <Karpova>
The background of the match is missing. It's not clear why the match was played at all. Regarding the 1984/85 match, only a short mention that it was cancelled is necessary, since this will all be described in the respective intro for that match. But what should be included in this draft are the regulations and decisions leading to this very match, which made Kasparov world champion. What I mean is that even if the previous match was cancelled doesn't automatically mean that another match between these two had to be played. So if it was stipulated that the 1984/85 match was cancelled under the condition of starting anew at 0-0, this needs to be included. Not the general fate of the 1984/85 match, but the regulations leading to this match. ++++++++++++++++++++++
-<JFQ>
The draft features mainly Kasparov's account. It needs more from Karpov about his experience of the match, if we can find anything on that. ############################################################## <The unhappy background to the match> This match of 24 games and of 68 days duration commenced in Moscow on the Tuesday 3rd September 1985 and ended on Saturday 9th November, with the closing ceremony the next day. At the start of the match, Karpov was 34 years, 3 months old and Kasparov was 22 years, 4 months old. They were the two dominant players of their time and would continue to be until the emergence of a new generation of players such in the early 1990s. The match inherited a spirit of distrust and division. There were two points of considerable contention. These were: the manner in which the first match had been terminated, and secondly the new system which had just been brought in to decide the challenger for the world championship. The previous match had been terminated by FIDE president Campomanes who had explained his actions thus: (the match) “has exhausted the physical, if not the psychological resources, of not only of the participants but all those connected with the match…” (p254, “Kasparov v Karpov 1975-85”). A new world championship match in September 1986 would now take place with the scores at 0-0. Camponmanes further stated that Karpov had wanted to continue he match and was well. Karpov, himself announced ” … we can, and do, want to continue the match. I do not agree with the decision to end it and start again from scratch. I think that Mr Kasparov will second this”. (Chess, vol 49, nos 943-4, February 1985, p.284.) At the inconclusive end of the first match, Karpov was in the lead by 5-3 with 40 draws. He needed only one win to take the match, whilst Kasparov needed three more. Karpov, however, had last tasted victory in Game 27. In the next 21 games, he won none but lost three, the last two of which were in succession. So, at this point in the match, Karpov had only managed to win one game out of the previous 39. This has led to a debate as to whether Karpov had been so exhausted by the prolonged struggle that he would have physically or mentally collapsed. He had already come close to physical exhaustion in similar circumstances against Korchnoi – Karpov - Korchnoi Candidates Final (1974). Then he had managed to hold on and win the match despite the crisis of two games being lost in succession cutting his lead down to a single point. Kasparov considered that terminating the match had been both unfair and illegal, and that it had come about through the machinations of the president of FIDE Campomanes on the urging of the Soviet Chess Federation. To the evident embarrassment of the Soviet establishment, he had made his protests vigorously and directly to the world’s press and to Campomanes. Camponmanes stated that Karpov wanted to continue he match and was well. Karpov, himself announced ”…we can, and do, want to continue the match. I do not agree with the decision to end it and start again from scratch. I think that Mr Kasparov will second this”. (Chess, vol 49, nos 943-4, February 1985, p.284.) Kasparov made it plain that he did not believe that Karpov truly wanted the match to continue “I became convinced that the decision to stop the match was carried out not so much because of any risk to the champions’ health, but rather in view of his psychological exhaustion, confusion and the fear of continuing”. (Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, Part 1: 1973-1985, p.513) In the end, however, the decision to terminate the match stood. The prestige of both FIDE and the Soviet Chess Federation was diminished. There was a powerful and vocal body of opinion outside of the Soviet Union who saw the decision as a dishonest fix. “FIDE has suffered a bad blow to its prestige if a world championship can be stopped on a pretext if the organisers don’t like the player who looks like winning”. (Chess, vol 49, nos 943-4, February 1985, p.285.) The decision, however, stood. Furthermore, the next match would not be replayed under the same unlimited game format. Kasparov also considered that FIDE had created a new system to select the World Champion which was biased in favour Karpov’s interest. (Chess, vol 49, nos 943-4, February 1985, p.284.) In July 1985, the FIDE Executive council had convened in Tunisia to determine the format of the next world championship cycle. They decided that instead of an unlimited match format the winner was to be the player who scored the best of 24 games, and in the case of a tie the reigning champion Karpov would retain the title. Karpov as reigning champion would also have an automatic right of rematch.
In August 1985, and only three days before the start of the second match, the termination of its precursor was endorsed by FIDE’s AGM in Graz. They also ruled that in the case of a draw Karpov would remain champion, but if he lost he would be seeded directly into the Candidates Event at the quarter final stage (p.8, “Kasparov v Karpov 1986-87”). The FIDE congress had created a system which would only to apply to the next cycle. This gave an appearance of partiality in favour of Karpov as he would significantly benefit from these innovations.
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3 games, 1985 - WCC: Karpov-Kasparov, 1985 ARCHIVE
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Karpov - Kasparov World Championship Match (1985) Game Collection: Amsterdam OHRA 1985 DRAFT <Chessical> Editing by <OhioChessFan>, <Karpova> and <JFQ> After 48 games had been played in the Karpov - Kasparov World Championship Match (1984/85), FIDE president Florencio Campomanes canceled the event while it was still in progress. He stated that the match had "exhausted the physical, if not the psychological resources, of not only the participants but all those connected with the match...” No winner was declared, so Anatoly Karpov retained the title.<1> <Garry Kasparov, “Kasparov v Karpov 1975-85” (Everyman Chess 2009), p.254> A new world championship match would now begin on September 3, 1985, with the initial scores set at 0-0. Karpov prepared for the match by winning the Category 14 “OHRA Crown Group” in Amsterdam, July 15-26th 1985. Garry Kasparov prepared by playing a match against Robert Huebner in Hamburg, May 27–June 4 1985 (+3=3-0), <Garry Kasparov, "Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, Part 1: 1973-1985" (Everyman Chess 2011), p.7> and another match against Ulf Andersson in Belgrade May 12–June 20 1985 (+2=4-0).<2> <"Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, Part 1: 1973-1985" p.7> Kasparov then began further preparation with his team in Zağulba Bağları, Azerbaijan. He remarked that “by September... I felt far more confident than a year earlier. I had become stronger and had more stamina. My store of opening ideas had been thoroughly replenished.”<3> <“Kasparov v Karpov 1975-85” p.277> FIDE introduced a 24 game limit to the match, with the champion Karpov enjoying draw odds. If Karpov lost, he had the automatic right to a rematch.<4> <"Anatoly Karpov - Kasparov
September 3 - November 9, 1985 Moscow (USSR)." In Official Site of the FIDE World Chess Championship Match http://moscow2012.fide.com/en/histo...> The prize for the match was 1.6 million Swiss Francs (about £520,000) with five-eighths going to the champion.<5> <"Chess" vol 50, nos. 963-4 (Dec 1985), p.226> This purse would amount to $2,485,875 in 2014 US currency. The arbiters were Andrei Malchev (Bulgaria) and Vladas Mikenas (USSR).<6> <“Kasparov v Karpov 1975-85” p.272> Kasparov had vociferously, and successfully, objected to FIDE’s first choice of Svetozar Gligoric and Anton Kinzel, the arbiters from the Karpov - Kasparov World Championship Match (1984/85), because he thought they had been too ready to follow Campomanes.<7> <“Kasparov v Karpov 1975-85” p.273> Karpov's seconds were Vadim Zaitsev,
Yuri Balashov,<8> <“Kasparov v Karpov 1975-85” pp.54, 277>Efim Geller, Sergey Makarichev and Evgeni Vasiukov.<9> <Jan Timman and Cornelius van Wijgerden, "Schaken met Jan Timman" (Hilversum: Teleac/NOT 1997), TV episode. User: Stonehenge transl. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f6x7...> Kasparov's seconds were Aleksander Nikitin,
assisted by Iossif Dorfman, Igor Timoshenko, Vladimirov and
Alexander Shakarov.<8> <“Kasparov v Karpov 1975-85” pp.54, 277)> The match was played in the Tchaikovsky Hall, Moscow. Dominic Lawson describes the scene: “...amongst the 1,500 spectators and the tens of millions of Soviet chess fans outside, there are no
neutrals... Thousands stand in rows six feet deep all around the cordoned off Mayakovsky Square before the start of each game. A ticket for a good seat costs 2½ roubles (£2.60) but on the black market they are changing hands at 15 roubles (£15.60)...”<10> <Dominic Lawson, "Financial Times" (19 Oct 1985). In "Chess" vol 50, nos. 961-2 (Nov 1985), p.198> Kasparov won the <1st game>-<insert game link here> Kasparov vs Karpov, 1985. Karpov equalized the score in <game 4>-<insert game link here> Karpov vs Kasparov, 1985 by manoeuvering to build an overwhelming kingside attack, and then went ahead 2-1 when Kasparov pressed too hard for a win in <game 5.>-<insert game link here> Kasparov vs Karpov, 1985 Karpov now experienced a period of weak play that lasted throughout the month of October. It started in <game 11,>-<insert game link here> Kasparov vs Karpov, 1985 when Karpov made the crude blunder 22...Rcd8. Kasparov won the game with a queen sacrifice, tying the match. Karpov explains that he became distracted when the German news magazine "Der Spiegel" published a controversial story on September 30. It was about a large sum of money Karpov had allegedly received from a computer sponsorship deal, without notifying the Soviet authorities. This would have constituted a major violation of the exchange control regulations. Karpov was later cleared of the accusations. In an 1988 interview, Karpov agreed that he never played worse in a match against Kasparov than from October 1 to October 24, 1985. Furthermore, he said that Kasparov would not have become world champion in 1985 without help from "Der Spiegel."<11> <Victor Baturinsky, Das Schachgenie Karpow, Benita Spielhaus transl. (Berlin, Sportverlag 1991), p.157; "Toljas Million" "Der Spiegel" issue 40, (30 Sept 1985) http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print... interview with Karpov by W Harenberg, "Diese Affäre kostete mich den Titel" "Der Spiegel" issue 52 (26 Dec 1988) http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print.... > In <game 16>-<insert game link here> Karpov vs Kasparov, 1985 Kasparov took the lead with what he regarded to be the “most beautiful” of the match and also “an important turning point. After this game I felt I could win the title, that I must win it. At the same time it became clear that Karpov felt the exact opposite.”<12> <"Chess" vol 50, nos 965-6 (Dec 1985), p.278.> Karpov reported that in home analysis before the game, his second Efim Geller had found the improvement 12.Be3, but forgot to tell him!<9> <Jan Timman and Cornelius van Wijgerden, "Schaken met Jan Timman" (Hilversum: Teleac/NOT 1997), TV episode. User: Stonehenge transl. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f6x7...> After a drawn <17th game>-<insert game link here> Kasparov vs Karpov, 1985 Kasparov took a time out, assuming that Karpov would go all out against him with the white pieces in <game 18.>-<insert game link here> Karpov vs Kasparov, 1985 <4> <"Anatoly Karpov - Kasparov September 3 - November 9, 1985 Moscow (USSR)." In Official Site of the FIDE World Chess Championship Match http://moscow2012.fide.com/en/histo...> Kasparov secured a two point lead when Karpov lashed out unsuccessfully on the kingside in <game 19.>-<insert game link here> Kasparov vs Karpov, 1985 The drawn <game 21>-<insert game link here> Kasparov vs Karpov, 1985 ended unexpectedly after Kasparov suddenly noticed a flaw in his adjournment analysis.This seems to have encouraged Karpov, and Kasparov took another time out.<13> <“Kasparov v Karpov 1975-85” p.392> Karpov cut the lead to a point by playing aggressively with the white pieces in <game 22.>-<insert game link here> Karpov vs Kasparov, 1985 Kasparov explained that he “underestimated the opponent’s pawn offensive on the kingside”.<14> <“Kasparov v Karpov 1975-85” p.395> In <game 24>-<insert game link here> Karpov vs Kasparov, 1985 Karpov needed to win to tie the match and retain his title. In a "superb fighting game, worthy of a world championship decider,” Karpov built up a promising attacking position, but miscalculated after Kasparov sacrificed two pawns.<15> <"Chess" vol 50, nos. 963-4 (December 1985), p.242> Garry Kasparov won the game, and so became the 13th world chess champion. Kasparov summed up the match as follows: “Karpov made the best even in unfavourable positions, exploiting every chance when positions were in his favour. He achieved outstanding performances…Towards the end of the match my confidence was slightly shaken by excitement and nervous stress; however, I managed to pull myself together for the final game. I realised that Karpov would have to do his utmost to win... In experience, I was behind Karpov but youth has an advantage; more surplus energy.”<16> <Chess" vol 50, noss 963-4 (December 1985), p.225> Karpov wasted no time exercising his contractual right to a rematch, which was scheduled to start in the summer of 1986.<4> <"Anatoly Karpov - Kasparov
September 3 - November 9, 1985 Moscow (USSR)." In Official Site of the FIDE World Chess Championship Match http://moscow2012.fide.com/en/histo...> <Notes>
1 Garry Kasparov, “Kasparov v Karpov 1975-85” (Everyman Chess 2009), p.254 2 Garry Kasparov, "Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, Part 1: 1973-1985" (Everyman Chess 2011), p.7 3 “Kasparov v Karpov 1975-85” p.277
4 "Anatoly Karpov - Kasparov September 3 - November 9, 1985 Moscow (USSR)." In Official Site of the FIDE World Chess Championship Match http://moscow2012.fide.com/en/histo... 5 "Chess" vol 50, nos. 963-4 (Dec 1985), p.226
6 “Kasparov v Karpov 1975-85” p.272
7 “Kasparov v Karpov 1975-85” p.273
8 “Kasparov v Karpov 1975-85” pp.54, 277
9 Jan Timman and Cornelius van Wijgerden, "Schaken met Jan Timman" (Hilversum: Teleac/NOT 1997), TV episode. User: Stonehenge transl. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f6x7... 10 Dominic Lawson, "Financial Times" (19 Oct 1985). In "Chess" vol 50, nos. 961-2 (Nov 1985), p.198 11 Victor Baturinsky, "Das Schachgenie Karpow" Benita Spielhaus transl. (Berlin, Sportverlag 1991), p.157; "Tolja's Million" "Der Spiegel" issue 40, (30 Sept 1985) http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print... interview with Karpov by W Harenberg, "Diese Affäre kostete mich den Titel" "Der Spiegel" issue 52 (26 Dec 1988) http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print.... 12 "Chess" vol 50, nos 965-6 (Dec 1985), p.278
13 “Kasparov v Karpov 1975-85” p.392
14 “Kasparov v Karpov 1975-85” p.395
15 "Chess" vol 50, nos. 963-4 (December 1985), p.242 16 "Chess" vol 50, nos. 963-4 (December 1985), p.225 ########################
"Anatoly Karpov - Kasparov
September 3 - November 9, 1985 Moscow (USSR)." In Official Site of the FIDE World Chess Championship Match http://moscow2012.fide.com/en/histo... "Chess" vol 50, nos. 963-4 (Dec 1985)
Jan Timman and Cornelius van Wijgerden, "Schaken met Jan Timman" (Hilversum: Teleac/NOT 1997), TV episode. User: Stonehenge transl. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f6x7... Dominic Lawson, "Financial Times" (19 Oct 1985). In "Chess" vol 50, nos. 961-2 (Nov 1985), p.198 Victor Davidovich Baturinsky, "Das Schachgenie Karpow" Benita Spielhaus, transl. (Berlin, Sportverlag 1991), p.157; "Toljas Million" in "Der Spiegel" issue 40 (30 Sept 1985) http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print... "Chess" vol 50, nos 965-6 (Dec 1985)
<The background is that Karpov had advertised chess computers and should have received $446,177.50 by 1981 via middleman Helmut Jungwirth. Jungwirth claimed that he had transferred the money to Karpov. Karpov maintained that he had not. In the 1988 interview, Karpov explained that he had possessed evidence against Jungwirth and informed the Soviet authorities already in 1984. The article still unsettled Karpov, since it tried to discredit him and insinuated that he may have actually received the money. He was sealed off from the public during the match, but learned about the content of the article very soon. The other side was anxious to draw his attention to the reports. Karpov filed a lawsuit at the Hamburg court of justice in mid-1985 to avoid a statute of limitation, and Jungwirth was found guilty in 1988. Jungwirth had to pay Karpov 800,000 Deutsch Mark, which he wanted to give to the Soviet Union to support sports, especially chess. <Victor Baturinsky, Das Schachgenie Karpow, Benita Spielhaus transl. (Berlin, Sportverlag 1991), p.157; "Toljas Million" "Der Spiegel" issue 40, (30 Sept 1985) http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print... interview with Karpov by W Harenberg, "Diese Affäre kostete mich den Titel" "Der Spiegel" issue 52 (26 Dec 1988) http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print.... > ##############
This game also featured a Karpov blunder, 22...Rcd8? that had a curious story behind it. Karpov later claimed he had been distracted due to controversy over a sponsorship deal. A September 30 article by "Der Spiegel" reported that Karpov had been paid more than a million Deutsche Marks to advertise chess computers for the Jungwirth company. Karpov, however, maintained that he had not yet received these funds. This was a serious detail, because if he had been paid and not informed the Soviet government, he would have violated the currency exchange regulations of the Soviet Union. <Victor Davidovich Baturinsky, "Das Schachgenie Karpow" Benita Spielhaus, transl. (Berlin, Sportverlag 1991), p.157; "Toljas Million" in "Der Spiegel" issue 40 (30 Sept 1985) http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print...> ##########################
<Narrative of the match> <Game 1>
Kasparov vs Karpov, 1985 <1-0> Kasparov won the first game
-------------
<Games 4 and 5> Karpov vs Kasparov, 1985 <1-0> Kasparov vs Karpov, 1985 <0=1> Karpov then posted two successive wins.
In the fourth game, Karpov manoeuvered to build an overwhelming K-side attack. In the fifth game Kasparov was over-anxious to win and lost. -----------------
<Game 11>
Kasparov vs Karpov, 1985 <1-0> Kasparov tied the match score in Game 11 with a queen sacrifice. Some information from <Victor Davidovich Baturinsky, "Das Schachgenie Karpow" Benita Spielhaus, transl. (Berlin, Sportverlag 1991), p.157; "Toljas Million" in "Der Spiegel" issue 40 (30 Sept 1985) http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print...> Game 11 - Kasparov vs Karpov, 1985 - ended with a victory for Kasparov after Karpov's crude blunder 22...Rcd8. Baturinsky explains that Karpov got distracted (p. 157): 'Der Spiegel' published an article on 30 September 1985 (1) which claimed that Karpov had made a deal to advertise chess computers already back in 1978 with Jungwirth. This deal netted him an honorary of more than a Million Deutsche Mark. Karpov filed a lawsuit at the Hamburg court of justice and Jungwirth was found guilty. In an interview with 'Der Spiegel' later, Karpov was asked about the time between October 1 and 24, 1985 when he lost 3 games, winning not a single one. He answered that he wouldn't have lost against Kasparov in 1985 without that article.(2) On p. 159, Baturinsky mentions an interview Kasparov gave 'Sowjetski Sport' after the match, in which Kasparov praised Karpov highly. This differs greatly from what Kasparov would write later in his now infamous 'Child of Change'. (1) 'Toljas Million' in 'Der Spiegel', 30 September 1985, issue 40, http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print... (The chess computers were produced by Novag in Hong Kong, belonging to Peter Auge. Auge sent the cheque (worth 1,200,000 Deutsche Mark in 1985) to Helmut Jungwirth. So now the question was if Karpov had ever received the money from Jungwirth (and, see below, Jungwirth was found guilty of beguilement in 1988). Karpov claimed he didn't and this was important, because of the exchange control regulations of the Soviet Union. Karpov would have massively violated them in case he had received the money and not told the Soviet Union so. This may explain why the article had such a huge impact on him) (2) W Harenberg (interviewed Karpov), 'Die Affäre kostete mich den Titel' in 'Der Spiegel, 26 December 1988, issue 52, http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print... (<KARPOW: Ohne den damaligen Bericht im SPIEGEL, also ohne Ihre Hilfe, hätte Kasparow mich 1985 nicht besiegt, wäre er zumindest damals nicht Weltmeister geworden. Insofern weiß ich nicht, ob der SPIEGEL oder ob Kasparow gegen mich gewonnen hat.>) <Karpov> "Without the former report in Der Spiegel, without your help, Kasparov had 1985 not defeated me, he would at least did not become world champion. To that extent I do not know if the MIRROR or whether Kasparov won against me." ------------------
Kasparov?: At the mid-point of the match “...all indications suggested that the most interesting stage was yet to come. Indeed, in the second half of the match... we began to play unrestrainedly, aiming to seize the initiative as soon as possible in every game. The intensity of the struggle was to grow from game to game...” (p.343 “Kasparov v Karpov 1975-85”). ---
<Game 16>
Karpov vs Kasparov, 1985 <0-1> According to Karpov his second Efim Gellr had found 12. Be3 before game 16 but forgot to tell him.
-<Jan Timman and Cornelius van Wijgerden, "Schaken met Jan Timman"
(Hilversum: Teleac/NOT, ©1997 TV episode> Between 10:20 and 11:10:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f6x7...
Translation by User: Stonehenge --------------
Kasparov regarded Game 16 to be the “most beautiful” of the match and also “an important turning point. After this game I felt I could win the title, that I must win it. At the same time it became clear that Karpov felt the exact opposite.” (Chess, vol 50, no.s 965-6, Christmas 1985, p.278.) ---
<Game 17>
Kasparov vs Karpov, 1985 <1/2> "After the 17th game Kasparov took a timeout, assuming that in the 18th game thechampion, having the white pieces, by all means would come down on him." <"Anatoly Karpov - Kasparov
September 3 - November 9, 1985 Moscow (USSR)." In Official Site of the FIDE World Chess Championship Match http://moscow2012.fide.com/en/histo...> ---
<Game 19>
Kasparov vs Karpov, 1985 <1-0> In Game 19, Karpov lashed out fatally on the K-side. (Karpov lost) ---
<Game 20>
Karpov vs Kasparov, 1985 <1/2> Two down, Karpov did not crack. In Game 20 he tried to win for 85 moves. ---
<Game 21>
Kasparov vs Karpov, 1985 Game 21 ended unexpectedly after Kasparov suddenly noticed a flaw in his adjournment analysis. (p.392 “Kasparov v Karpov 1975-85”).This seems to have encouraged Karpov, whilst Kasparov took a time out. ---
<Game 22>
Karpov vs Kasparov, 1985 <1-0> In Game 22, Karpov played aggressively as White and Kasparov “underestimated the opponent’s pawn offensive on the kingside”. (p.395 “Kasparov v Karpov 1975-85”). -------------------
<Game 23>
Kasparov vs Karpov, 1985 <1/2> Karpov was now only one game behind with two to play. Game 23 was drawn. ---
<Game 24>
Karpov vs Kasparov, 1985 <0-1> Karpov now had to win to tie the match and retain his title.Game 24 was “A superb fighting game, worthy of a world championship decider”. (Chess, vol 50, no.s 963-4, December 1985, p.242.) Karpov built up a promising attacking position, but miscalculated after Kasparov sacrificed two pawns. Kasparov thus became the thirtieth <?> world chess champion. <Post match summation> Karpov immediately exercised his contractual right to a rematch, which was scheduled to start in the summer of 1986. <"Anatoly Karpov - Kasparov
September 3 - November 9, 1985 Moscow (USSR)." In Official Site of the FIDE World Chess Championship Match http://moscow2012.fide.com/en/histo...> ---------------
After the closing ceremony, Petrosian said to Kasparov, "Garry, I'm sorry for you, because your happiest day is over!" <"Anatoly Karpov - Kasparov
September 3 - November 9, 1985 Moscow (USSR)." In Official Site of the FIDE World Chess Championship Match http://moscow2012.fide.com/en/histo...> -------------------
Kasparov had the most effective opening preparation. <According to whom?> Using the 4.f3 Nimzo-Indian, Kasparov won Games 1, 11, and 19. In game 12 and 16 he employed an innovative pawn sacrifice <what was the sacrifice> in the Sicilian, scoring 1½ from the two games as Black. Kasparov maintains that “This match was totally different from the first because we were both now playing attacking chess. It was a really tough fight. Everything was very direct. We were not just playing for microscopic advantages. Each game was of great importance and each decided something.” <"Chess" vol 50, nos. 965-6, (Christmas 1985), p.278.> Kasparov summed up the match as follows: “Karpov made the best even in unfavourable positions, exploiting every chance when positions were in his favour. He achieved outstanding performances…Towards the end of the match my confidence was slightly shaken by excitement and nervous stress; however, I managed to pull myself together for the final game. I realised that Karpov would have to do his utmost to win... In experience, I was behind Karpov but youth has an advantage; more surplus energy”. (Chess, vol 50, no.s 963-4, December 1985, p.225.) ++++++++++++
++++++++++++++++++++++
<TO CHECK>
<1> check "champions'" in <Kasparov “became convinced that the decision to stop the match was carried out not so much because of any risk to the champions’ health, but rather in view of his psychological exhaustion, confusion and the fear of continuing”. (Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, Part 1: 1973-1985, p.513)> Does he mean just Karpov or both of them? If just Karpov, it must be "champion's." <2> <Kasparov had vociferously objected to FIDE’s first choice of Svetozar Gligoric and Anton Kinzel, the arbiters from the Karpov - Kasparov World Championship Match (1984/85), because he believed that they had supported Campomanes.> Did Kasparov mean they supported Compomanes' decision to halt the 1984-1985 match? <3> <At the mid-point of the match “...all indications suggested that the most interesting stage was yet to come. Indeed, in the second half of the match... we began to play unrestrainedly, aiming to seize the initiative as soon as possible in every game. The intensity of the struggle was to grow from game to game...” (p.343 “Kasparov v Karpov 1975-85”).> This is a Kasparov quote, right? Further conditions for match: Number of games, time control? <Answers from Chessical> <<WCC> Your questions and my responses: 1 Check "champions'" - <This should read "Champion's" as it refers only to Karpov. I mistyped the apostrophe>.
2 Kasparov had vociferously objected to FIDE’s first choice of Svetozar Gligoric and Anton Kinzel...Did Kasparov mean they supported Campomanes' decision to halt the 1984-1985 match? - <I used "believed" as this is what Kasparov's account states, but I have no direct evidence on what exactly Gligoric and Kinzel did or did not do. Whatever, it is the reason he gave to oppose their continued participation in the championship">.3 <At the mid-point of the match “...all indications suggested that the most interesting stage was yet to come...The intensity of the struggle was to grow from game to game...” (p.343 “Kasparov v Karpov 1975-85”).> This is a Kasparov quote, right? <Yes, it is a Kasparov quote> 4 Further conditions for match: Number of games, time control? <In July 1985, the FIDE Executive council had convened in Tunisia to determine the format of the next world championship cycle. They decided that instead of an unlimited match format the winner was to be the player who scored the best of 24 games, and in the case of a tie the reigning champion Karpov would retain the title. Karpov as reigning champion would also have an automatic right of rematch. In August 1985, and only three days before the start of the second match, the termination of its precursor was endorsed by FIDE’s AGM in Graz. They also ruled that in the case of a draw Karpov would remain champion, but if he lost he would be seeded directly into the Candidates Event at the quarter final stage (p.8, “Kasparov v Karpov 1986-87”).> <I do not know the time control, although I suspect it was 40 moves in 2 1/2 hours. Kasparov has the time control on move 40 (e.g. p.284 “Kasparov v Karpov 1975-85”) and comments on the 34th move of Game 54 that both he and Karpov "had about 3-4 minutes left" (p.289 “Kasparov v Karpov 1975-85”). Also there is no indication that the time control had changed since the first match.>> +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
- <Karpova>
The background of the match is missing. It's not clear why the match was played at all. Regarding the 1984/85 match, only a short mention that it was cancelled is necessary, since this will all be described in the respective intro for that match. But what should be included in this draft are the regulations and decisions leading to this very match, which made Kasparov world champion. What I mean is that even if the previous match was cancelled doesn't automatically mean that another match between these two had to be played. So if it was stipulated that the 1984/85 match was cancelled under the condition of starting anew at 0-0, this needs to be included. Not the general fate of the 1984/85 match, but the regulations leading to this match. ++++++++++++++++++++++
-<JFQ>
The draft features mainly Kasparov's account. It needs more from Karpov about his experience of the match, if we can find anything on that. ############################################################## <The unhappy background to the match> This match of 24 games and of 68 days duration commenced in Moscow on the Tuesday 3rd September 1985 and ended on Saturday 9th November, with the closing ceremony the next day. At the start of the match, Karpov was 34 years, 3 months old and Kasparov was 22 years, 4 months old. They were the two dominant players of their time and would continue to be until the emergence of a new generation of players such in the early 1990s. The match inherited a spirit of distrust and division. There were two points of considerable contention. These were: the manner in which the first match had been terminated, and secondly the new system which had just been brought in to decide the challenger for the world championship. The previous match had been terminated by FIDE president Campomanes who had explained his actions thus: (the match) “has exhausted the physical, if not the psychological resources, of not only of the participants but all those connected with the match…” (p254, “Kasparov v Karpov 1975-85”). A new world championship match in September 1986 would now take place with the scores at 0-0. Camponmanes further stated that Karpov had wanted to continue he match and was well. Karpov, himself announced ” … we can, and do, want to continue the match. I do not agree with the decision to end it and start again from scratch. I think that Mr Kasparov will second this”. (Chess, vol 49, nos 943-4, February 1985, p.284.) At the inconclusive end of the first match, Karpov was in the lead by 5-3 with 40 draws. He needed only one win to take the match, whilst Kasparov needed three more. Karpov, however, had last tasted victory in Game 27. In the next 21 games, he won none but lost three, the last two of which were in succession. So, at this point in the match, Karpov had only managed to win one game out of the previous 39. This has led to a debate as to whether Karpov had been so exhausted by the prolonged struggle that he would have physically or mentally collapsed. He had already come close to physical exhaustion in similar circumstances against Korchnoi – Karpov - Korchnoi Candidates Final (1974). Then he had managed to hold on and win the match despite the crisis of two games being lost in succession cutting his lead down to a single point. Kasparov considered that terminating the match had been both unfair and illegal, and that it had come about through the machinations of the president of FIDE Campomanes on the urging of the Soviet Chess Federation. To the evident embarrassment of the Soviet establishment, he had made his protests vigorously and directly to the world’s press and to Campomanes. Camponmanes stated that Karpov wanted to continue he match and was well. Karpov, himself announced ”…we can, and do, want to continue the match. I do not agree with the decision to end it and start again from scratch. I think that Mr Kasparov will second this”. (Chess, vol 49, nos 943-4, February 1985, p.284.) Kasparov made it plain that he did not believe that Karpov truly wanted the match to continue “I became convinced that the decision to stop the match was carried out not so much because of any risk to the champions’ health, but rather in view of his psychological exhaustion, confusion and the fear of continuing”. (Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, Part 1: 1973-1985, p.513) In the end, however, the decision to terminate the match stood. The prestige of both FIDE and the Soviet Chess Federation was diminished. There was a powerful and vocal body of opinion outside of the Soviet Union who saw the decision as a dishonest fix. “FIDE has suffered a bad blow to its prestige if a world championship can be stopped on a pretext if the organisers don’t like the player who looks like winning”. (Chess, vol 49, nos 943-4, February 1985, p.285.) The decision, however, stood. Furthermore, the next match would not be replayed under the same unlimited game format. Kasparov also considered that FIDE had created a new system to select the World Champion which was biased in favour Karpov’s interest. (Chess, vol 49, nos 943-4, February 1985, p.284.) In July 1985, the FIDE Executive council had convened in Tunisia to determine the format of the next world championship cycle. They decided that instead of an unlimited match format the winner was to be the player who scored the best of 24 games, and in the case of a tie the reigning champion Karpov would retain the title. Karpov as reigning champion would also have an automatic right of rematch.
In August 1985, and only three days before the start of the second match, the termination of its precursor was endorsed by FIDE’s AGM in Graz. They also ruled that in the case of a draw Karpov would remain champion, but if he lost he would be seeded directly into the Candidates Event at the quarter final stage (p.8, “Kasparov v Karpov 1986-87”). The FIDE congress had created a system which would only to apply to the next cycle. This gave an appearance of partiality in favour of Karpov as he would significantly benefit from these innovations.
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1 game, 1985 - WCC: Karpov-Korchnoi 1978
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ORIGINAL: Karpov - Korchnoi World Championship Match (1978) Korchnoi quotes- http://porto-fr.odessa.ua/index.php... DRAFT <Chessical> <Introduction>
This acrimonious match captured the attention of the world’s press. In the exotic backdrop of the Philippines, Korchnoi the stateless Soviet defector was pitted against Karpov and the might of the Soviet chess establishment. Interest climbed as insults and accusations were exchanged, robed mystics deployed against a para-psychologist and an apparent walkover was transformed into an amazing fight-back.
Both players were under considerable pressure. Karpov ,with the Soviet establishment to satisfy, had lost his trainer of ten years Semyon Furman on March 17th 1978 whilst his own father was terminally ill. Korchnoi’s stated “If I win this match, my life is in danger”. (Chess, August 1978, vol.43, nos.799-800 p.326). A bitter candidate semi-final against Boris Spassky had left Korchnoi believing that he had been subject to "hypnotic waves" and the fear that his thoughts could be interfered with by hypnosis. (Chess, February 1978, vol.43, nos.787-88 p.129).
Korchnoi was also desperately trying to get his wife and his son out of the Soviet Union. An open letter to Brezhnev was read out at the opening ceremony requesting that they be allowed to emigrate. (Chess, August 1978, vol.43, nos.799-800 p.325) Karpov was regarded as the favourite but Korchnoi was admired for making advances at his age. In the West he was sympathetically portrayed as the underdog. <The teams>
Korchnoi’s seconds were: Raymond Keene , Michael Stean , (Chess, May 1978, vol.43, nos.793-94 p.229) and Jacob Murey (“Garry Kasparov on My Great Predecessors”, Vol.5. p.111). Korchnoi prepared with a three week’s training session in Brighton, England, in May 1978. (Chess, July 1978, vol.43, nos.797-98 p.297) Karpov’s team consisted of Yuri Balashov , Igor Zaitsev , Mikhail Tal and Evgeni Vasiukov (“Garry Kasparov on My Great Predecessors”, Vol.5. p.111) <The match>
Seven bids of received, Karpov first choice was Hamburg as it was “the nearest to Leningrad” whilst Korchnoi chose Graz. The Philippine bid was accepted as a compromise. (Chess, July 1978, vol.43, nos.797-98 p.297) Lothar Schmid a German Grandmaster who had been the Arbeiter at the Spassky-Fischer championship match in 1972. There were three games per week. Draws did not count; the match winner would be the first to achieve six victories. The victor would take 5/8 of the £350,000 prize fund. (Chess, May 1978, vol.43, nos.797-98 p.320). Karpov, however, later revealed that he received only 20% of the prize.
(http://www.anatolykarpovchessschool...)
The match was organized by Florencio Campomanes, then FIDE’s Vice President. (Chess, May 1978, vol.43, nos.797-98 p.293). In a pattern that would become familiar, Campomanes’ financing was opaque, at first it was to be from the Philippine government, then from selling TV rights and finally from Pepsi Cola. (Chess, May 1978, vol.43, nos.797-98 p.294)
The match was held in a newly built conference centre were good, but there was an immediate dispute over Korchnoi’s flag which led to his suggestion of the Soviet flag with “I’ve escaped” emblazoned on it. Then Korchnoi’s chair had to be x-rayed at the Soviet’s insistence. At the start of Game 8 Karpov ignored Korchnoi’s attempt to shake hands.
<The disputes>
A great deal of Korchnoi’s nervous energy was expended in dealing with issues away from the chess board. There were disputes about: flags yoghurts, seats, and sunglasses but the major problem was that the Russian delegation included a professor of psychology Dr Vladimir Zukhar.
Korchnoi was afraid of being hypnotised by Zukhar who was staring at him from the audience. During Game 17, Korchnoi became so agitated that he threatened to attack Zukhar. After wasting 13 minutes on his clock, one move before the time control and in time trouble he fell into a mating trap. (Chess, August 1978, vol.43, nos.799-800 p.326). The Soviet delegation denied Zukhar’s presence was contentious “… (he) acted as consultant to the World Champion, observing his work, sleep, rest and mood, and giving necessary advice”. (“From Baguio to Merano” A. Karpov and V. Baturinsky, p.79) and fought to keep him as close to the front of the auditorium as possible despite Korchnoi’s vehement complaints. What was even worse was the breakdown of Korchnoi’s trust in his principal second Raymond Keene. Raymond Keene, had a contractual agreement not to write or prepare material for a book on the championship whilst the match was underway. Korchnoi became increasingly suspicious of Raymond Keene telexing material and believed that Raymond Keene was breaking his contract, diverting his energies and jeopardising their preparation by sending sensitive material for his book which the Soviets could have accessed. In “Chess” January 1979, Korchnoi was quoted as saying in a French interview: “...Did Karpov get to know of my (analytical) discovery before we resumed? One of my English seconds, Raymond Keene, was writing a book on the games throughout the match, in breach of his contract. He was telexing copy to London continuously. Somebody might have spied on the transmissions. One of our rooms was bugged and there was even a little spy-hole through which we could be watched”. As Korchnoi moved away from Raymond Keene ,he began depending more on people who would actually increase the tension. Ironically, two members of the Ánanda Márga Pracáraka Sagha who had been teaching Korchnoi meditation became the centre of controversy when the Soviets claimed that they were on bail for attempted murder. (Chess, September 1978, vol.43, nos.801-802 p.357) Raymond Keene found their presence uncongenial and left Korchnoi's team. “I was placed under the intolerable strain of defending, on [Korchnoi's] behalf, the two members of the Ananda Marga sect [... which] culminated in my eventual resignation from the joint post of chief second and jury representative and my unequivocal disassociation from his effort to demand a replay over the Zukhar issue” (Karpov - Korchnoi: Massacre in Merano p.20) <The progress of the match> The match opened with seven draws. Game 5 lasted for 124 moves and was the first stalemate in a world championship; Korchnoi kept it going for 12½ hours. Korchnoi was never ahead in this match and by Game 18 he was three behind. Yet, he then won four games to one to equal the score, leaving the final and 32nd game to be the decisive encounter. #################################
http://www.kingpinchess.net/2010/02... http://www.kingpinchess.net/2013/09... ###################
Winter chessnote 8389 http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/ 8389. Korchnoi’s name deleted (C.N.s 8279 & 8384) Dan Scoones (Port Coquitlam, Canada) writes:
‘Victor Korchnoi’s participation in the 1977-78 Candidates’ cycle was covered in rather curious and inconsistent fashion by the leading Soviet chess publications. Unlike mainstream news outlets such as Pravda and Izvestia, the chess publications could hardly suppress his name but they did make a serious effort to suppress his results. In the weekly newspaper 64 there was detailed coverage of all the Candidates’ matches except the ones involving Korchnoi. The bare results of his matches against Petrosian and Polugayevsky were given, but no games were published. Detailed analysis was provided of all the other games from the quarter-final and semi-final matches. For the final match, Korchnoi v Spassky, only the weekly standings and the final result were given. There was just one exception: the moves of the final game were published. Shakhmaty Riga followed a policy similar to that of 64. There was detailed analysis of all matches except the ones involving Korchnoi, for which only the bare results were given. For the final match against Spassky, the box score and the moves of three games (4, 12 and 18) were published. In Shakhmaty v SSSR there was no coverage of the Candidates’ cycle, including the non-Korchnoi matches, except for three or four annotated games from the “non-Korchnoi” quarter-finals. This is remarkable. A leading master qualifies to play a match against the Soviet world champion, and the whole matter is completely ignored by the leading Soviet chess publication. Shakhmatny Bulletin published all the games of the cycle and did not refrain from identifying Korchnoi by name. In keeping with the magazine’s general editorial policy, there were no annotations and no added comments. However, in the annual index, published in the 12/1977 issue, none of Korchnoi’s games that had appeared in earlier issues was indexed. The front and back covers of the 3/1978 issue of 64: korchnoi
korchnoi
That is the issue which should have announced Korchnoi as Karpov’s official challenger on its front cover. Instead, the news is buried on the back page. This may be contrasted with the front cover of the 48/1974 issue, which announced Karpov as the winner of the 1974 Candidates’ cycle: korchnoi
The 1978 world championship match received normal coverage in all four publications, but for the Candidates’ matches the general policy seems to have been to ignore Korchnoi as much as possible.’ <Course of the Match> <1st game>
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<Many contemporaneous reports from the Singapore Press here: http://sgchess.net/2013/05/07/623-l...> #############################
[http://www.nytimes.com/1981/10/01/n... Robert Byrne, New York Times, 1981 http://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/01/n... New York Times, Dec 1 1987]
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3 games, 1978 - WCC: Karpov-Korchnoi 1981
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Original: Karpov - Korchnoi World Championship Match (1981) Korchnoi quotes- http://porto-fr.odessa.ua/index.php... DRAFT <Chessical> <The players>
In July 1981, Anatoly Karpov was the world’s top rated player at 2700, and Viktor Korchnoi was second at 2695 some 55 points above the number three player Robert Huebner. The match was to start on September 19th, 1981, but Korchnoi stated he would not play until his wife and son were permitted to emigrate from the Soviet Union.
In August, the President of FIDE Fridrik Olafsson, put the match back a month to allow negotiation over the granting of visas. This did not, however, resolve the problem. Korchnoi’s son was suddenly was drafted into the military. When he refused to join up, as this could indefinitely strand him in the Soviet Union, he was arrested. (http://www.nytimes.com/1981/10/01/n...)
Karpov attacked Fridrik Olafsson ’s initiative this as a political move stating “Korchnoi abandoned his family five years ago”. “Chess”, Vol. 46, Nos 857-8, July 1981, p.102). The Soviets managed to overturn the decision at a meeting of FIDE in Atlanta but in the end the 1st October was the soonest the venue could now be ready. (http://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/27/m...) With both players attacking each other in the press , the bitterness of the previous match in Baguio remained. Karpov complained “Korchnoi is uncouth. He is a very good chess player…but as a person I have a low opinion of him”. (“Chess”, Vol. 46, Nos 865-6, November-December 1981, p.235). ==================
Head Referee Paul Klein -<Robert Byrne, New York Times, 11 November 1981 http://www.nytimes.com/1981/11/11/n...> ===
<The seconds>
Korchnoi’s seconds were Michael Stean and Yasser Seirawan (http://www.nytimes.com/1981/10/01/n... later joined by emigrees Leonid Shamkovich and Canadian Champion Igor Ivanov (“Chess”, Vol. 46, Nos 865-6, November-December 1981, p.238).
Korchnoi was not helped by dissensions in his camp between his delegation leader Petra Leeuwerik and Didi of the Ánanda Márga Pracáraka Sagha sect whom he had met at Baguio. She radically changed Korchnoi’s diet to vegetarian and isolated him for yoga sessions. According to Mikhail Tal , "The board is the only place where he can recover." (http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print...). Karpov had the best assistance the Soviet Union could provide: Igor Zaitsev and Yuri Balashov as his official seconds for the match. Mikhail Tal , Lev Polugaevsky (who were also in Merano), Efim Geller and Rafael Vaganian were all actively involved in helping Karpov prepare for the match. They were joined at various times by Elizbar Ubilava , Adrian Mikhalchishin , Vitaly Tseshkovsky , Albert Kapengut , Rudolf Kimelfeld , Vladimir Lepeshkin , Rozenberg and the noted correspondence player Georgy Borisenko. (http://moscow2012.fide.com/en/histo...) Their research enabled Karpov to demolish Korchnoi’s defence in the Karpov vs Korchnoi, 1981 and Karpov vs Korchnoi, 1981 . “The champion’s analytical team continued to grow throughout the course of the match; whenever he ran into any kind of problem, he would receive help and instructions from Moscow. The famous novelties in the open version of the Ruy Lopez, for example, were devised by Yuri Razuvaev and Efim Geller , who were “locked away” in the office of Ivonin, deputy chairman of the Sports Committee, so that they could come up with something for Tolya [Karpov]…” (http://moscow2012.fide.com/en/histo...) <The match>
Merano offered a prize fund of 800,000 Swiss Francs (http://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/27/m...).
The winner being the first to score six victories (“Garry Kasparov on My Great Predecessors”, Vol.5. p.152) <Introduction:> The match took place between 1st October and the 18th November 1981. It became known as “The Massacre in Merino” and was the shortest since Lasker - Capablanca World Championship Match (1921) . It took Karpov only 18 games to retain his title (+6 +10,-2). In Baguio it took Karpov 17 games to reach a three point advantage, here it took only 9. “Korchnoi played much better in Baguio than in the first eleven games here” (Karpov, “Chess”, Vol. 46, Nos 865-6, November-December 1981, p.235-6). Korchnoi played the first half of the match badly. His opening play was uncertain, he lost the three of the first four games and was never able to make this up. His first victory in Game 6 gave him little pleasure: “Victor was not happy with the game. He thought he did not get a good opening, and then Karpov’s blunder on the 40th move made it all look too easy”. (Yasser Seirawan , “Chess”, Vol. 46, Nos 863-4, October-November 1981, p.218). Korchnoi, after Game 2, was never better than two games behind: “…it is not a match it is a rout…on one hand we have a thirty year old champion at the height of his powers…aided and supported in every way by his country…on the other hand a 50 year old challenger …not only without a country but pursued by hatred and continual persecution (Korchnoi was embargoed by the Communist bloc from GM tournaments – ed.) …he has a 21 year old son who is immured in a Siberian labour camp”. (Harry Golombek in “The Times” quoted by, “Chess”, Vol. 46, Nos 867-8, December 1981, p.268). “Korchnoi, whose style of play has always been exciting and dynamic, has suddenly began to play like a defanged pussycat. Gone from his play are the inspired sacrifices and beautiful counter-attacks…Instead he seems content to play passively waiting for his opponent to err. This is completely the wrong strategy against Karpov”. (Arnold Denker , “Chess”, Vol. 46, Nos 865-6, November-December 1981, p.238). Korchnoi played some games extremely well, such as: Korchnoi vs Karpov, 1981 , but, “Not since Capablanca’s defeat of Lasker can a contestant in a world championship match have made so few identifiable errors” (William Hartston ,“Chess”, Vol. 46, Nos 867-8, December 1981, p.269) Karpov stated. “There were practically no short draws and every game, with the exception of the seventeenth, went down to the “bare” kings. For this reason, the match has to be considered a difficult one…” (http://moscow2012.fide.com/en/histo...) Korchnoi was not invited to share the stage at the closing ceremony “Chess”, Vol. 46, Nos 867-8, December 1981, p.269). This was the end of his world championship ambitions. Karpov was awarded an Order of Lenin on his return to the Soviet Union, ( “Chess”, Vol. 46, Nos 867-8, December 1981, p.269). He said he could not name any player who was currently a serious threat to him. ###########################
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3 games, 1981 - WCC: Karpov-Timman FIDE Championship 1993
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Karpov - Timman FIDE World Championship Match (1993) DRAFT <Chessical> <An unexpected match> On February 26th, 1993 Garry Kasparov and Nigel Short announced the formation of the Professional Chess Association (PCA) to run “their” world championship. FIDE then stripped Kasparov of his title and removed both players from the rating list. FIDE President Florencio Campomanes stated: ''It's like the body politic - there's been a cancer and this is just an excision,'' … the whole structure of FIDE is in place and working''. ( http://www.apnewsarchive.com/1993/K... ). On March 31st 1998, FIDE announced that Anatoly Karpov and Jan Timman (the defeated players from Short’s Candidates’ Semi-final and Final matches ) would play an "official" world championship match . (Chess, July 1993, vol.58, no.4, p.5).
Artur Yusupov , the other semi-finalist, had been ignored for no clear reason, but the following considerations may have been instrumental in the decision: (1). No Karpov - Yusupov match reduced costs and allowed FIDE’s world championship to be concurrent with the PCA Kasparov-Short match.
(2). Timman had already defeated Yusupov in the quarter final match , so this avoided a replay.
(3). Timman had a better prospect of being financed in Holland than Yusupov had in Russia.
(4). Karpov was known and respected as a world champion and as the direct predecessor of the excommunicated world champion Kasparov gave greater legitimacy to the FIDE title. <The players>
Karpov, aged 42, and 2760 ELO was ranked second in the world, Timman, aged 41, at 2620 ELO was thirty-forth. They had played 67 tournament games (excluding blitz), Karpov winning 23 and Timman 5. (Chessbase Big Database 2013). <Organising the match> Campomanes had only 159 days to arrange a new match starting on the 6th September a day before the PCA match. Thrown together, it almost collapsed.
Sponsorship was a problem when Kasparov was playing concurrently for his version of the championship. Karpov - Timman were only runners-up, and outside of The Netherlands they invoked little interest. Campomanes could cover only the organizational costs of the match but not its purse. FIDE announced that the actual prize fund of 2,500,000 Dutch guilders (3,500,000 Swiss Francs) would be provided by the Sultan of Oman and that Oman would therefore host the final twelve games of the match. (Chess, November 1993, vol 58. No.8. p.22). < Venues and personnel> The first three games were at the “Nieuwe Buitensocieteit” conference centre in Zwolle, the next three games were at the “Elektrum” conference centre in Arnhem, and six games were played in the “Stopera” ,Amsterdam’s City Hall and home of the Dutch National Opera and Ballet. (Chess, November 1993, vol 58. No.8. p.22-26). In Jakarta, the first two games were played in the Hilton’s Conference Centre and the remainder in an office building downtown. (Chess, January 1994, vol 58. No.10. p.20). The Chief Arbeirter was Kok Ann Lim (Singapore) supported by Horst Meitzig (Germany). Play would take place on: Mondays, Tuesdays and Thursdays (Chess, November 1993, vol 58. No.8. p.22). Karpov's seconds were: Vladimir Epishin , Ron Henley and Mikhail Podgaets . (Chess, November 1993, vol 58. No.8. p.22). Timman's seconds were: Jeroen Piket , Ulf Andersson , and Yasser Seirawan . (http://www.nusport.nl/achtergrond/3... ) <Collapse, confusion and recovery:> After Game 8, Campomanes informed both players that the Omanis would not stage or fund the second half of the match due to “an all pervasive economic recession”. (Chess, November 1993, vol 58. No.8. p.27-28). For ten days the situation was chaotic. The Dutch failed to find another corporate sponsor. The millionaire chess sponsor Besil Kok arranged for the match to conclude in Belfort, France, if FIDE could guarantee the minimum prize fund of a million Swiss Francs. Campomanes could not and Kok then bitterly gave up on ”this bunch of amateurs”. (Chess, November 1993, vol 58. No.8. p.28). FIDE was faced with bankruptcy and no champion whilst the PCA was gaining the corporate sponsorship of Intel. Timman stated on Dutch television that the match was a “farce” and that Campomanes should resign. (Chess, November 1993, vol 58. No.8. p.28). Karpov flew back to Moscow threatening to sue FIDE. On 6th October, after “phoning half the world” Campomanes stated: "FIDE is happy and proud to announce that the second final half of this chess world championship will be organized and hosted …by the Indonesian Chess Federation under the leadership of Mohammed Hasan…" (The Washington Post, October 7, 1993). Hasan, was an Indonesian billionaire, and old friend of Campomanes. On October 17th the match recommenced in Jakarta. The purse of one million Swiss Francs was reduced to 600,000 after the Dutch were paid their expenses. (Chess, November 1993, vol 58. No.8. p.28). The prize now represented only 17% of the original purse. It was soon public knowledge that Hasan was only covering the match expenses and FIDE had to guarantee the remainder itself. (Chess, January 1994, vol 58. No.10. p.20). <The progress of the match> Timman characterized his opponent as "at least one class higher than Short" (http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/...) and the match as “the match of missed opportunities” (http://www.nusport.nl/achtergrond/3...) as he squandered chances in Games 3, 5, and 9. At half-way, Timman stated ; “I know that I am two points down but I still feel that I can win this match.” (Chess, November 1993, vol. 58. No.8. p.28), but he seems to have been more disturbed than Karpov by the near collapse of the match. In Jakarta, despite excellent playing conditions, Timman lost three games in succession: in Game14 he collapsed after obtaining a very promising position, he was crushed as White in Game 15, and played poorly in the opening of Game 16. Timman : “I was really well prepared. Better than three years earlier, when I was in Kuala Lumpur also lost to Karpov…. I lost yet again, this was of course disappointing… (but it was) …a very special match. Karpov was a fantastic player. It was no shame to again lose”. ( http://www.nusport.nl/achtergrond/3... ) <Outcome>
The world championship was split asunder. Karpov had been given a second opportunity as a world champion and he went onto win two super-tournaments in short order and great style: Tilburg (1993) and Linares (1994) ; yet his crown like FIDE itself had little credibility.
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1 game, 1993 - WCC: Kasparov - Karpov 1986
Kasparov - Karpov World Championship Rematch (1986) (28 July - 8 Oct) DRAFT <Chessical> Editing by <OhioChessFan> and <JFQ> Kasparov Karpov , 1986 – Third match, London/Leningrad. <Background to the match> Having been given the option for a return match in the case of losing the world championship, Karpov exercised his right on the 5th December 1985. (p.8 “Kasparov v Karpov 1986-87”). FIDE’s new regulations, which had been brought in only three days before the previous match, stipulated that the match was to take place no later than April 1986. This would mean only six months between matches. Previously, there had been at least a year. Campomanes stated that if Kasparov did not give a formal undertaking that he would play by the 7th January, he would be stripped of his title. Kasparov held out and to break the deadlock, the Soviet Chess Federation brought the two contenders together on January 2. They agreed to a return match in July or August 1986> The loser would play a “Super-final” in February 1987 against the winner of the current Candidates cycle. The title match for the forthcoming cycle would be held in July or August 1987. FIDE was not consulted but grudgingly agreed. (p.14 “Kasparov v Karpov 1986-87”). Bids were received by Leningrad (1,000,000 Swiss francs/£166,000) and London (1,800,000 Swiss francs/£300,000) (p.12 “Kasparov v Karpov 1986-87”). The London portion of the prize fund was donated by both players to the victims of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster (26th April 1986, although Campomanes decided that FIDE would keep its own share. The £10,000 brilliancy prize awarded by Tony Miles was also given to the Chernobyl fund (Chess, vol 51, no.s 991-2, October 1986, p.285-6). The match was agreed to begin in July, and was to be split in half between London and Leningrad, with an interval of no more than six days between the two parts. <Between the matches> Karpov played top board (+3=4) for the Soviet Union in the World Team Championship (Luzern, 15-28th November 1985). Karpov won the SWIFT tournament in Brussels resoundingly (+7-4), 23rd March – 4th April 1986, and then the Bugojno super-tournament in 26th May-12th June 1985 (=4-1=9). Kasparov played Jan Timman, then ranked number three in the world, in a six game match he won (+3-1=2) in Hilversum, 15-22nd December 1985. Kasparov used the publicity of the match to express his dissatisfaction to the press and then in a letter to the Soviet Chess Federation on the 4th January 1986 ( with regard to the return match and his perception that Karpov was being given “special privileges”. (p.10-11 “Kasparov v Karpov 1986-87”). He further added “I consider that Karpov’s personal entitlement to a return match to be illegal, and I refuse to take part in such a contest. The right to a return match in a limited competition must be accorded to all world champions or none”. In May, Kasparov beat Miles in a match in Basel (+5=1-0). Kasparov then returned to his training camp in the resort of Zağulba Bağları in Azerbaijan. <The match>
The match had a fixed length of 24 games. Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher attended the opening ceremony on July 27th. On Monday July 28 the match began in the Park Lane Hotel’s Grand Ballroom. Karpov’s trainers were Igor Zaitsev, Sergey Makarichev and Valery Salov, and in Leningrad Alexander Beliavsky. (p.18 “Kasparov v Karpov 1986-87”). Karsparov’s camp disintegrated during the match. Georgy Timoshenko argued with Kasparov about status in the team and left after the London leg. Kasparov also increasingly suspected Yevgeniy Vladimirov of leaking his opening preparation and he left after Game 19 (the allegation has never been proven). They were replaced during the match by IM Mikhail Gurevich and Elmar Magerramov GM Lothar Schmid was the chief match arbiter. The match introduced new technology of the “Intelligent chess board” with the moves being relayed directly to monitors and teletext. Karpov never led, and was on level terms for only nine games of the match. Karpov’s theoretical preparation had more effect especially against Kasparov’s Grunfeld defence, but his superiority in technique and endings was no longer apparent and he was struggling to stay in contention. Then from being three points ahead with eight games to play Kasparov had a sudden collapse. Mikhail Botvinnik “After the 16th Game, the score became 9 ½ - 6 ½ in the champion’s favour. But then something very unexpected happened; Kasparov lost three games in a row, suffered from time trouble and was quite unrecognisable. I think that this happened because of the 16th game , which Kasparov conducted extremely recklessly…after this he decided he could get away with anything…” (p.235-6 “Kasparov v Karpov 1986-87”). Kasparov: “I decided to play simply and reliably after the 19th game. My aim was to draw 20 and 21 and win 22nd which I achieved” (Chess, vol 51, no.s 991-2, October 1986, p.285). On October 8, 1986, Kasparov retained the World Championship title by 12½ to 11½. Karpov was seeded into the final candidates match for the following cycle, Karpov - Sokolov Candidates Superfinal (1987) #######################
Some info important for other world championship matches from W Harenberg's interview with Karpov, Die Affäre kostete mich den Titel, Der Spiegel, 26 December 1988, issue 52, http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print....
The whole prize fund of their 1986 world championship match in London was donated by both, Karpov and Kasparov, to the Chernobyl funds. When asked about the hostility between Kasparov and him, Karpov pointed towards Kasparov's social environment. The interviewer then asked, if he meant Kasparov's mother. Karpov names Alexander Nikitin, who acted upon Kasparov's mother. Karpov recalls an incident from the 1987 match in Seville. In game 2 - Kasparov vs Karpov, 1987 - Kasparov forgot to press his clock. Karpov didn't notify him. Kasparov, who lost that game, already had a hopeless position when he forgot to press the clock according to Karpov and also the Seville match books. Yet, Kasparov played up the clock incident. Karpov said, that he had wanted to play against Fischer and that's why he met with him 3 times to persuade him. He believes that Fischer was slightly stronger than him in 1975, assessing chances 60 to 40% in Fischer's favor. He believes that he was stronger than Fischer in 1976. Kasparov accused his former second Evgeny Vladimirov of (1) having secretly worked for Karpov and (2) was later employed in Karpov's team, working together with him in the training camps in Tashkent and Odessa. Karpov answers that he knew Vladimirov from Soviet youth teams. Vladimirov was neither Karpov's spy, nor did he belong to his team in Tashkent or Odessa. Kasparov needed a scapegoat, because he didn't win the match in Seville. According to Karpov [and, btw., Kasparov himself], Kasparov had never any evidence for these accusations. Karpov never thought about asking Vladimirov for help and he had lately seen him only once, when they played for the same team at the European Championship. Karpov never saw the recordings, Vladimirov had made as Kasparov's trainer. He asks Karpov about Tofik Dadashev, the clairvoyant who had once been employed by Kasparov, but was now allegedly working for Karpov. Karpov says that he saw him in the playing hall several times, also during the 22nd game in Leningrad of the 1986 match. Karpov considered Dadashev's presence to be a strain, pressure. Rumour has it, that Dadashev switched over to Karpov some time between the 3rd and 4th match, i. e. 1986/87. Karpov denies that. Dadashev was not his counsellor. He just came to him, because he felt guilty due to the aforementioned 22nd game. Karpov only wanted to know, what he had told Kasparov about him, which of Karpov's weaknesses he had examined. (Karpov mentions that Smyslov got red ears, when he had a bad position). Regarding the cancelled match 1984/85, Karpov considers the cancellation to have been a great mistake. When he ought to agree to the cancellation, the cancellation had already been decided upon. Kasparov should thank Campomanes for the cancellation and light a candle in a church for him, instead of publicly attacking him. The cancellation was the worst possible decision. Both were exhausted, but Karpov needed only one more win, while Kasparov needed three - so every mistake could have ended the match for Kasparov. He assesses his chances to become challenger again in 1990 to be very good. If he keeps his good form, they are decidedly greater than Harenberg's suggested 50 to 50, at least 60% (at least!). #####################
LA Times AP report:
LONDON — Champion Gary Kasparov and challenger Anatoly Karpov adjourned the 10th game of the world chess championship Friday, and experts said the game is likely to end in a draw. The game is to be resumed today, but some commentators said they thought the players would agree to a tie without playing further. Kasparov, playing white in the 10th game, holds a 5-4 lead. The champion arrived at the board first, and Karpov was more than three minutes late. In a gesture of sportsmanship, however, Kasparov did not play a move when his clock was started, but allowed his own time to run until Karpov arrived. Kasparov then pushed his queen's pawn forward two squares. The opening followed a well-known variation of the Queen's Gambit Declined, until Karpov played a new move on his 13th. Kasparov thought for 14 minutes about his reply, and later established a strong knight in the center. The winner of the match will be the first player to score six victories or 12 1/2 points. Winning a game is worth one point; a draw is worth half a point. http://articles.latimes.com/1986-08... #################
Robert Byrne, "Kasparov Ferocious in 16th Game" <New York Times 17 Sept 1986>
http://www.nytimes.com/1986/09/17/n... KASPAROV FEROCIOUS IN 16TH GAME
By ROBERT BYRNE
Published: September 17, 1986
Gary Kasparov's ferociously complicated attacking play in the 16th game of the world chess championship match sent Anatoly Karpov down to defeat Monday in Leningrad. Kasparov, the 23-year-old champion, has taken a three-point lead, to virtually assure himself of triumph in the contest. The score is now 9 1/2 to 6 1/2. Kasparov has won four games to the 35-year-old former champion's one. The other games were draws. It takes six victories or 12 1/2 points to win the match. Each victory counts as a point; a draw awards each player a half-point. If the series reaches a 12-12 tie, Kasparov would keep his title. Reliance on Favorite Defense Karpov resorted to his favorite Flohr-Zaitsev Defense with 9. . . B-N2 against the Ruy Lopez, as he had in the 14th game. The play took only 11 minutes for the first 17 moves, duplicating the earlier game. However, this time, Kasparov made no attempt to clarify the position by interpolating 18 PxP, PxP, but directly played 18 N-Q4. Karpov tried a new placement for his queen with 18. . . Q-B3 in the hope of providing a better defense for his king. The former champion was, in general, using the same strategy as before, sacrificing a pawn - this time by 19. . . N-B4; 20 PxP, PxP; 21 NxP - to take a grip on his Q6 square with his knights. Had Karpov tried 23. . . N/5-Q6, Kasparov could have obtained a slight material advantage with 24 NxP!?, BxN; 25 BxN, BxB; 26 RxB, NxR; 27 QxN. Break in the Center On 23. . . R-N1, Kasparov broke open the center at once with 24 P-K5, PxP; 25 NxKP, and Karpov brought a knight to the promised square with 25. . . N/5-Q6. After 26 N-N4, Q-QN3, 27 R-N3, it was evident that Kasparov intended to throw everything at the black king position. Karpov might have tried 27. . . N-K5, except for 28 NxP!, BxN; 29 BxN, NxR; 30 BxB, which yields White a bishop and two pawns for a rook. However, it is not clear why he did not defend by 27. . . K-R1, unless he believed that his alternative, 27. . . P-N3, would give him winning chances after 28 BxP, QxP. Kasparov pressed his attack unflinchingly with 29 Q-B3, yet there is some question whether Karpov could not immediately grab the sacrificed piece by 29. . . QxN! because 30 N-B6ch, K-R1; 31 Q-R5, RxBch; 32 K-R2, R-R8ch!; 33 KxR, NxPch; 34 K-R2, QxRch!; 35 KxQ, PxQ costs White a piece. Of course, at this stage of the game, Karpov was already in time pressure and was surely looking for variations that did not demand exact calculation. Three Minutes Left After 30 BxB, he might have tried 30. . . RxB, but 31 N-R6ch, K-N2; 32 N-B5ch, K-R2 (33. . . K-B3; 34 N-K3ch, K-N2; 35 N/K3xP!, BxN; 36 BxN, QxN; 37 BxB gives White a two-pawn advantage); 33 Q-K3, Q-B8ch; 34 QxQ, NxQ; 35 N-Q4 leaves Black a pawn down. Had Karpov accepted the sacrifice with 31. . . QxN, he would have had to face 32 N-R6, N/2-K4; 33 Q-B6!, threatening both 34 RxP! and 34 P-Q6! After Kasparov's 32 BxN, Karpov was down to three minutes to make the time control at move 40. The former champion could have avoided direct attack by 32. . . RxB; 33 Q-B4, RxR, but then 34 Q-Q6ch, K-K1; 35 KxR keeps Black behind in material. Finally, Karpov seized the long-trapped knight with 33. . . QxN, but on 34 N-R6!, Kasparov's attack could not be contained. After 34. . . Q-K2; 35 RxP! the defense was doomed, because 35. . . Q-K4 was crushed by 36 R-N8ch, K-K2; 37 P-Q6ch! Karpov could not capture with 37. . . QxP, because of 38 N-B5ch, nor by 37. . . KxP, because of 38 NxPch. The only alternative, 37. . . K-K3, got a rook and a bishop for the queen after 38 R-K8ch, K-Q4; 39 RxQch, NxR, but 40 P-Q7! forced additional enormous gain of material. Of course, 40. . . NxP drops a rook to 41 QxPch, but after 40. . . R-N1; 41 NxP, Karpov could neither defend his knight, nor play 41. . . NxN in view of 42 QxR. The former champion gave up. The 17th game is set for today at 5 P.M. Leningrad time. #################################
"Chess Library" Encyclopedia chapters on Kasparov: http://www.chesslibrary.ru/publ
http://www.chesslibrary.ru/publ/ehn...
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3 games, 1986 - WCC: Kasparov vs Kramnik 2000
1 game, 2000 - WCC: Kasparov-Anand 1995
1 game, 1995 - WCC: Kasparov-Karpov 1987
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Kasparov - Karpov World Championship Match (1987) Official Russian FIDE site article on this match: http://moscow2012.fide.com/en/histo... DRAFT <Chessical> <Background:>
On October 8, 1986, Garry Kasparov retained his World Championship title by 12½ to 11½. His challenger, Anatoly Karpov was seeded directly into the forthcoming cycle’s Final Candidates match - Karpov - Sokolov Candidates Superfinal (1987) This took place in Linares, Spain (February 24th to March 26th , 1987) and Karpov achieved unexpectedly easy win by 7½ - 3½. This would be the fourth championship match between Kasparov and Karpov – the cumulative score being 13-12 in Kasparov’s favour with 71 draws. <The players:>
This was a match between the two dominant players in the world. Kasparov, aged 24, has achieved his highest rating to date at 2750 ELO, whilst Karpov, aged 36, was second in the world rankings at 2715 ELO. There was a sizeable gap to the third highest rated player - Jan Timman at 2675 ELO. Kasparov trained with his team at his favourite resort of Zağulba Bağları, Azerbaijan ( “Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part 3, Kasparov v Karpov 1986-87”, p.262). Despite the good conditions, Kasparov found it difficult to be enthusiastic about the forthcoming match. He compared having to face Karpov every day to “pure torture” ( “Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part 3, Kasparov v Karpov 1986-87”, p.274). “…Seville was psychologically the most difficult of all five of my duel for the title with Karpov…Seville was the worst ordeal of my life…my win in 1986 had disarmed me., since it seemed like the final victory.” ( “Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part 3, Kasparov v Karpov 1986-87”, p.273). Furthermore, Kasparov was distracted by: his fights with FIDE , the creation of the GMA and problems in his own camp. His psychologist Dadashev, who had assisted him in the previous match, had fallen out with Kasparov and given a dossier about him to Karpov ( “Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part 3, Kasparov v Karpov 1986-87”, p.268-272). The political upheavals in the Soviet Union and the increasing disintegration of the power and of its institutions was apparent. Kasparov was advertising Schweppes soft drinks (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwep...) in the press and on TV (“Chess”, December 1987, Vol.52, No.1012-13, p.254); whilst Karpov wrote articles for “ USA Today” (“Chess”, February 1988, Vol.52, No.1017, p.355). At a joint press conference Kasparov and Karpov outlined their plans for their independent Grand Masters Association (GMA) with a $2.4 million dollar budget and six Grand Prix tournaments (“Chess”, End November 1987, Vol.52, No.1011, p.226and 228) Tension remained between the players. Kasparov’s autobiography “Child of Change” (Hutchinson 1987, with Donald Trelford) was published to coincide with match. This shone a spotlight on his disputes with Karpov and the Soviet Chess administration and with FIDE and its president Campomanes. Karpov described the book as a continuation of a psychological war, denied that there was a Soviet “chess mafia” and stated the book was full of personal calumnies. (“Chess”, End November 1987, Vol.52, No.1011, p.225). FIDE President Florencio Campomanes attended but had little to do with the players or the event. When he turned up at the end of the final game he was booed by the audience (“Chess”, January 1988, Vol.52, No.1016, p.318). <The match:>
Seville, Spain had bid for the match to promoting their “Universal Exposition of 1992” (“Chess”, December 1987, Vol.52, No.1012-13, p.254 and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sevill... ). The match took place in the Teatro Lope de Vega in Av de María Luisa, a small theatre decorated in an elegant red and gold baroque style. (http://www.teatrolopedevega.org/lop...) . Work on the stage did not finish until the morning of the first game, but still the match began on time on Monday October 12th 1987 (“Chess”, November 1987, Vol.52, No.1010, p.197) and concluded on December 19th 1987 . It was of a fixed length at 24 games (“Chess”, End November 1987, Vol.52, No.1011, p.225). The prize fund was a record $1.9 million/2.8 million Swiss francs (“Chess”, End November 1987, Vol.52, No.1011, p.226). Both players complained publically that the Soviet Sports Committee would take 61% of their earnings. (“Chess”, February 1988, Vol.52, No.1017, p.355). The games were shown on Spanish TV.
<Personnel:>
The Arbeiter was Geurt Gijssen (“Chess”, Christmas 1987, Vol.52, No.1014-15, p.286). Karpov’s team was composed of : Igor Zaitsev , Konstantin Lerner , Mikhail Podgaets and Elizbar Ubilava (“Chess”, February 1988, Vol.52, No.1017, p.355). Kasparov was accompanied by his mother, his trainer Aleksander Nikitin , and his seconds Iossif Dorfman , Sergey Dolmatov , and Zurab Azmaiparashvili (http://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/87k...) <The Progress of the Match:> In Game 2 Karpov won as Black with a novelty originally prepared for use against Korchnoi in 1981! (“Chess”, December 1987, Vol.52, No.1012-13, p.253). Kasparov won the Game 4 in the same opening. “Four of the first eight games were decisive, two wins each and four draws. I was disappointed with my uneven play and my inability to put any distance between us. After a terrible Karpov blunder, I won the eleventh game from a dubious position to take the lead for the first time in the match, scheduled for twenty-four games. After four draws Karpov won the sixteenth game to draw even. At this point I began to think only of my title. A 12-12 score—a drawn match—would allow me to retain the championship. Hardly the convincing victory I had hoped for to end our marathon, but beggars cannot be choosers, and, more important, a draw would give me three years of peace. I went into defensive mode and stopped pressing him. A stretch of six quite uneventful draws followed, setting up a showdown in the final two games”. (“How Life Imitates Chess” Kasparov – quoted in http://www.businessweek.com/stories... ) In Game 23, with the score tied at 11-11 with two games remaining, Karpov had his last game with the White pieces. Kasparov suddenly blundered and resigned and had to win the final game to tie the match and save his title. In Game 24, Kasparov sacrificed a pawn in Karpov’s time trouble, under great tension both players played inaccurately with Kasparov forgetting to write two of his moves down. He settled his nerves and won the complex ending prompting Yasser Seirawan ’s comment; “It’s remarkable to see Karpov lose in a style that he himself has patented”. ( http://www.chesscafe.com/text/yaz84...) Kasparov attributed his poor play to his battle with Campomanes (“Chess”, January 1988, Vol.52, No.1016, p.318) and declared he was seeking the reconstruction of FIDE. Karpov predicted he would be the challenger in 1990, but this time he would win! #######################
Some info important for other world championship matches from W Harenberg's interview with Karpov, Die Affäre kostete mich den Titel, Der Spiegel, 26 December 1988, issue 52, http://www.spiegel.de/spiegel/print....
The whole prize fund of their 1986 world championship match in London was donated by both, Karpov and Kasparov, to the Chernobyl funds. When asked about the hostility between Kasparov and him, Karpov pointed towards Kasparov's social environment. The interviewer then asked, if he meant Kasparov's mother. Karpov names Alexander Nikitin, who acted upon Kasparov's mother. Karpov recalls an incident from the 1987 match in Seville. In game 2 - Kasparov vs Karpov, 1987 - Kasparov forgot to press his clock. Karpov didn't notify him. Kasparov, who lost that game, already had a hopeless position when he forgot to press the clock according to Karpov and also the Seville match books. Yet, Kasparov played up the clock incident. Karpov said, that he had wanted to play against Fischer and that's why he met with him 3 times to persuade him. He believes that Fischer was slightly stronger than him in 1975, assessing chances 60 to 40% in Fischer's favor. He believes that he was stronger than Fischer in 1976. Kasparov accused his former second Evgeny Vladimirov of (1) having secretly worked for Karpov and (2) was later employed in Karpov's team, working together with him in the training camps in Tashkent and Odessa. Karpov answers that he knew Vladimirov from Soviet youth teams. Vladimirov was neither Karpov's spy, nor did he belong to his team in Tashkent or Odessa. Kasparov needed a scapegoat, because he didn't win the match in Seville. According to Karpov [and, btw., Kasparov himself], Kasparov had never any evidence for these accusations. Karpov never thought about asking Vladimirov for help and he had lately seen him only once, when they played for the same team at the European Championship. Karpov never saw the recordings, Vladimirov had made as Kasparov's trainer. He asks Karpov about Tofik Dadashev, the clairvoyant who had once been employed by Kasparov, but was now allegedly working for Karpov. Karpov says that he saw him in the playing hall several times, also during the 22nd game in Leningrad of the 1986 match. Karpov considered Dadashev's presence to be a strain, pressure. Rumour has it, that Dadashev switched over to Karpov some time between the 3rd and 4th match, i. e. 1986/87. Karpov denies that. Dadashev was not his counsellor. He just came to him, because he felt guilty due to the aforementioned 22nd game. Karpov only wanted to know, what he had told Kasparov about him, which of Karpov's weaknesses he had examined. (Karpov mentions that Smyslov got red ears, when he had a bad position). Regarding the cancelled match 1984/85, Karpov considers the cancellation to have been a great mistake. When he ought to agree to the cancellation, the cancellation had already been decided upon. Kasparov should thank Campomanes for the cancellation and light a candle in a church for him, instead of publicly attacking him. The cancellation was the worst possible decision. Both were exhausted, but Karpov needed only one more win, while Kasparov needed three - so every mistake could have ended the match for Kasparov. He assesses his chances to become challenger again in 1990 to be very good. If he keeps his good form, they are decidedly greater than Harenberg's suggested 50 to 50, at least 60% (at least!). #####################
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1 game, 1987 - WCC: Kasparov-Karpov 1990
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Kasparov - Karpov World Championship Match (1990) DRAFT <Chessical> Editing by <OhioChessFan> <Background to the match:> This was a match (8th October – 31st December 1990) between the world’s first and second rated players. In the August 1990 ratings, Garry Kasparov stood at 2800 ELO and Anatoly Karpov 2730 ELO. There was a clear gap of fifty points to the next players. (“Chess”, August 1990, Vol.55, No.5, p.3). This was the fifth world championship match between Kasparov and Karpov. Despite playing 120 championship games, there was only a single point separating them, Kasparov having scored 17 to 16 with 85 games drawn. Needs clarification and a rewrite:
<In each of the preceding matches as challenger (1985-87) Karpov had closed the gap by one point until the previous match had been tied (+4-4=16), but since 1984, Kasparov in terms of rating, had increased his superiority from 10 to 70 points.> In January 1990, Kasparov had to flee communal violence in Azerbaijan with his family, and throughout 1990 he was involved in the emerging Russian democratic politics and also the GMA. Kasparov had a six game training match with Lev Psakhis in Murcia, Spain (July 14-21) winning 5-1 (“Chess”, September 1990, Vol.55, No.6, p.5). <The players:>
Prior to the match Kasparov stated of his opponent : “He hates me personally because I am the reason he lost everything…This time I think I am going to crush him”. (“Chess”, December 1990, Vol.55, No.9, p.16). Karpov stated that Kasparov was over-confident and had a weakness in defence (“Chess”, February 1991, Vol.55, No.11, p.33). <Prize fund:>
The winner received $1.5 million. The loser’s purse was $900,000. FIDE and GMA each received $225,000 (8.5% of the prize fund) and $90,000 went to a non-profit association for chess in the Third World. (“Chess”, May 1990, Vol.55, No.2, p.3). Kirsan Ilyumzhinov also provided a $1 million trophy in the shape of two interlocking K’s encrusted with diamonds made by Korloff, a recently founded luxury jewellery brand. <Terms:>
The match was divided between New York and Lyons. Lyons had been selected by FIDE but as Kasparov then had secured lucrative sponsorship in New York, (“Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part 4”, Garry Kasparov, p.74). FIDE accepted a split match (which increased its take from the match). The match was of fixed duration at 24 games. Karpov surprised Kasparov at the opening news conference: “…since the results of their last two matches had been so close …why not continue to play in the coming match as if they were locked in a 12-12 tie? The first to win a game would be the champion” Kasparov was incredulous, ''Mr. Karpov is the challenger and he must win the match.'' (http://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/03/n... In New York, the games took place on: Monday, Wednesday and Friday; whilst Lyons chose play on : Saturday, Monday and Wednesday. (“Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part 4”, Garry Kasparov, p.184) The New York portion of the match, sponsored by Interscope Records, Inc, was played in the 750 seat Hudson Theatre at the Hotel Macklowe (“Chess”, December 1990, Vol.55, No.9, p.26).
After game 12, the match then moved to Lyon’s Palais des Congres and resumed on November 24th (“Chess”, February 1991, Vol.55, No.11, p.26). Lyon’s mayor, Michel Noir, was an enthusiastic chess supporter and was assisted by Bachar Kouatly (“Chess”, February 1991, Vol.55, No.11, p.26). <Teams and personnel:> The Arbiter was Geurt Gijssen.
Kasparov’s analytical team consisted of: Mikhail Gurevich , Sergey Dolmatov , Zurab Azmaiparashvili , Giorgi Giorgadze and Alexander Shakarov .
Karpov’s head of delegation was Nikolai Krogius . He complained that Kasparov was playing with the old Russian imperial tricolour. After the third game, Campomanes removed all flags. (“Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part 4”, Garry Kasparov, p.107). Karpov’s analytical team consisted of: Lajos Portisch, Ron Henley , Igor Zaitsev , Mikhail Podgaets , Andrei V Kharitonov and Alexey Kuzmin (“Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part 4”, Garry Kasparov, p.107) and Olivier Renet (in Lyons) according to (“Chess”, February 1991, Vol.55, No.11, p.26). Portisch had a significant influence on Karpov’s opening repertoire –especially as White in the Grunfeld and Kings Indian. For the first time computers were taken seriously. Kasparov was still using a card index, but Deep Thought provided commentary on the New York Games and a $11,000 Fidelity computer was provided for Karpov’s use. In Game 16 there was a minor controversy about Kasparov using a computer for adjournment analysis (“Chess”, December 1990, Vol.55, No.9, p.30). <The progress of the match:> Both players started the match aggressively, playing for advantage whether with White or Black; Black, however did not record a single victory in the match. “To judge by the play at the start, in this marathon race the contestants have set off at a sprint”. (Evgeni Vasiukov in “Shakhmaty v SSR” quoted in “Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part 4”, Garry Kasparov, p.107). Kasparov later claimed that he was using a “Blitzkreig Strategy” but “ in the 3rd, 4th and 6th games I had failed to exploit my chances…(in the 14th game)…(I) sank to a loss in one move…my blitzkreig strategy had failed. Not because of any ultra-heroic efforts on the part of Karpov, but simply because he had maintained a more or less even and constant level of play, whereas in almost every game I had been ‘riding a rollercoaster’” (“Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part 4”, Garry Kasparov, p.142) In Game 2, Kasparov showed the depth of his preparation against <1.e4 e5> defences; these were to underperform badly for Karpov - Ruy Lopez (+0=4-3) and the Scotch (+0=1-1) “…in New York Kasparov has realised that a better way is to play sharp openings that lead to unfathomable complications which are more suited to his own brand of tactical calculation”). Raymond Keene (“Chess”, December 1990, Vol.55, No.9, p.39). The New York phase ended tied at 6-6, and both teams then flew to France together “In a peaceful, friendly atmosphere..”(“Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part 4”, Garry Kasparov, p.183). The players enjoyed a 16 day break in the middle of the match. In Lyons, after eight draws both players then won a game. The 20th Game - Kasparov vs Karpov, 1990 - was the turning point for the match. Kasparov, with White, produced a novelty on move 19 of a Ruy Lopez and smashed through on the K-side. Although Kasparov won the title by winning Game 22, Karpov won Game 23. If he could win the 24th game and tie the match, he would gain $300,000 dollars more of the prize fund and Kasparov would lose the one million dollar trophy..”(“Garry Kasparov on Modern Chess, Part 4”, Garry Kasparov, p.274). The final game was drawn with Kasparov winning the match 12 ½ - 11 ½.
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1 game, 1990 - WCC: Kasparov-Short 1993
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Kasparov - Short PCA World Championship Match (1993) <2-21 January 1993> DRAFT <Chessical> <The players>
Garry Kasparov was 30 years old and Nigel Short was 28. Their respective ratings were 2805 and 2665. Short had only won a single game against Kasparov since 1980, and his score immediately before the championship (excluding blitz) was +1,=4,-10. “When Kasparov was asked to predict, some months ago, who his challenger would be, and how the match would go, he said: 'It will be Short, and it will be short.'” – “The Independent”, William Hartston , Sunday 31st January 1993. He also stated that Viswanathan Anand was “a more dangerous player…and will probably be my next challenger” (Chess, May 1993, vol.58, no.2, p.11). <The emergence of the PCA bid> FIDE had allowed only one week for the bids for the world championship after the end of the Short-Timman match. (Chess, January 1993, vol.58, no.3, p.5). Manchester (England) offered 2,538 million Swiss francs as part of its attempt to win the bid for the 2000 Olympic Games. A second bid also emerged from UK with “Channel 4” TV offering 2,616 million Swiss francs.
On 22nd February, Kasparov accepted Manchester’s bid as it, unlike the “Channel 4” bid, had a solid bank guarantee. On 23rd February, FIDE announced the winning bid as Manchester’s.
Short was on a ferry to Greece and could not be contacted, but on 24th February he discovered the terms and considered that the match had been “woefully undersold” by FIDE . (Chess, July 1993, vol.58, no.4, p.4). Short phoned his friend the well-connected journalist Dominic Lawson who in turn contacted Raymond Keene and Kasparov. Kasparov feeling that “At last after eight years, a challenger I can talk to”. (Chess, January 1993, vol.58, no.3, p.5). suggested that they run their own world championship. On February 26th, a fax from Simpsons in the Strand restaurant in London announced the formation of the Professional Chess Association (PCA). Raymond Keene was deeply involved and his phone number was on the press release. Bids for what was now the PCA World Championship were invited to be submitted. There was little feeling of friendship between the two contenders. Short said,“We have had several differences of opinion but business is business – in this we are totally together”. (Chess, April 1993, vol.58, no1, p.9). Short defended himself from criticism by his home-town Manchester chess fans, “One thing I cannot understand about this is why it should be considered wrong to increase one’s own income”. (Chess, July 1993, vol.58, no.4, p.4). Kasparov saw a way to break his enemy Campomanes’ and FIDE’s control of the world championship and “to take professional chess to the levels of tennis and golf”. (Chess, July 1993, vol.58, no.4, p.4). The situation was confused as groups and individuals manoeuvred to secure the PCA’s approval of their bid. Keene was involved both in founding the PCA and with two bids from London (The Times and “The London Standard”/London Chess Group bids). Confusion reigned as Manchester approached Kasparov in Linares to discuss terms, whilst Keene attempted to dissuade him for going with Manchester and FIDE. In this febrile environment, “The Times” on March 30th declared it had secures the bid from the PCA only for Short to deny it. (Chess, July 1993, vol.58, no.4, p.5). FIDE refused to hand over the running of the world championship to the PCA. Instead, on March 31st, the defeated candidates Anatoly Karpov and Jan Timman were declared to be FIDE’s world championship contenders. (Chess, July 1993, vol.58, no.4, p.5). <The match>
Out of five bids, the player chose that of “The Times” newspaper of London and Teleworld a Dutch teletext company. The match provoked unprecedented interest in the UK, but its branding as “The Times World Chess Championship” diminished the role of the PCA. Short recognised that he was the underdog ,“I am going to do much better than people think…I do not see any reason why not. I actually relish the opportunity to show him that I can play some good chess and show that I have learned from my mistakes” (Chess, October 1993, vol.58, no.7, p.5). The match was held in the Savoy Theatre and shown on teletext across Europe. The Dutch co-sponsors also operated a telephone “predict the move” game, but this was abandoned due to a low uptake (Chess, October 1993, vol.58, no.7, p.11). “Kasparov fizzingly coiled, scowling, frowning, grimacing, lip-scrunching, head-scratching, nose-pulling, chin-rubbing, occasionally slumping down over his crossed paws like a melodramatically puzzled dog. Short more impassive, bland-faced, sharp-elbowed and stiff-postured, as if he’d forgotten to take the coat-hanger out of his jacket”. (Julian Barnes, ‘The World Chess Championship’, Letters from London 1990-1995 (Picador, 1995), p.272) Kasparov went six games up before Short scored his only win. After that four more draws gave Kasparov the PCA title. In terms of the score-line it was the most one-sided world championship in the twentieth century since Lasker - Janowski World Championship Match (1910). In actual play, however, it was hard fought. Despite defeats, Short continued to play aggressively and was unlucky not to have scored at least two wins by the half-way stage of the match.
In Game 1, both players had winning opportunities but Short lost on time a pawn up. In Game 3 he attacked vigorously with a Knight sacrifice but then miscalculated and lost. Game 6 ended in perpetual check. Short’s trainer Lubomir Kavalek departed the match at Game 8 after personal disagreements (Chess, November 1993, vol.58, no.8, p.4). and was replaced by Robert Huebner . (Chess, November 1993, vol.58, no.8, p.6). In Game 10, Short sacrificed his queen for a winning position, but Kasparov escaped with a draw. Short’s first victory was in Game 16, and after that Kasparov seemed happy to draw the remaining games to win the title 12½ to 7½.
Kasparov as Champion won £1,062,500 and a Waterford crystal knight trophy, Short took £637,500. <Aftermath>
FIDE stripped Kasparov of the FIDE World Championship; there was now to be two world champions Karpov (FIDE) and Kasparov (PCA) . The Professional Chess Association was to last only three years and Kasparov later stated “The refusal to play the match under the aegis of FIDE was the worst blunder of my entire chess career. This decision led to the unexpected revival of Karpov ..I should have agreed to play in Manchester – and only then , after defending the title of FIDE Champion, thought about setting up a professional chess Association.” (Garry Kasparov on Garry Kasparov, Part 2, p.490). ###########################
MissScarlett: <<Short had only won a single game against Kasparov since 1980, and his score immediately before the championship (excluding blitz) was +1,=4,-10. >>
I'm not sending any emails to anyone, but this statement is just plainly wrong. Short had won three rapidplay games prior to the title match (two in London, one in Paris). Unfortunately, a lot of the game type data in the <cg.com> DB is incorrect. I submitted corrections to several Kasparov-Short games a couple of weeks back, but God only knows when they might appear. What are the people running this site doing all day? Anyone would think they were busy with more important things! ###########################
Courtesy of <Ohio> <Short had only won a single game against Kasparov since 1980, and his score immediately before the championship (excluding blitz) was +1,=4,-10. > "immediately" is insufficient. "in the previous 12 months", or something similar is needed. <Short phoned his friend the well-connected journalist Dominic Lawson who in turn contacted Raymond Keene and Kasparov. > I think a hypen before "the" and after "Lawson" is called for. <Kasparov feeling that “At last after eight years, a challenger I can talk to”. (Chess, January 1993, vol.58, no.3, p.5). suggested that they run their own world championship.> This needs work. It's a runon as is. Perhaps "Kasparov, feeling that "At last after eight years, a challenger I can talk to.", <the period needs to be behind the closing quotation mark or the whole sentence crumbles> suggested that they run their own world championship." <to dissuade him for going > from going
<the player chose that of “The Times” newspaper of London and Teleworld a Dutch teletext company. > Needs either a comma or a hyphen after "Teleworld". <After that four more draws gave Kasparov the PCA title. > Needs a comma after "that".
<In terms of the score-line it was > Could use a comma after "score-line".
<in the twentieth century > I think that phrase can be deleted with no loss of meaning. <In actual play, however, it was hard fought.> I see no reason for this sentence to start a new paragraph. I am sure at least 1 out of 10,000 sentences can use the word "however", but I don't think this is the one. I'd almost like the line starting "In terms of the score-line" to continue on as one sentence, but that would be really wordy. Breaking it into two sentences does create a need for some connecting word/phrase, but "however" is almost always a clunky way to do it. A first try: In terms of the score-line, it was the most one-sided world championship since Lasker - Janowski World Championship Match (1910), but in actual play, it was hard fought. <Despite defeats, Short continued to play aggressively and was unlucky not to have scored at least two wins by the half-way stage of the match. In Game 1, both players had winning opportunities but Short lost on time a pawn up. > I think "Despite some early losses" would be better than "Despite defeats". I'd prefer "Pawn" to "pawn". < In Game 3 he attacked > Could use a comma after "3".
<Kasparov as Champion won £1,062,500 and a Waterford crystal knight trophy, Short took £637,500.> Runon. Should have a period after "trophy" and "Short" start a new sentence. <there was now to be two world champions > "were" would be correct in place of "was".
<Short took £637,500.>
Either "took home" or simply a repetition of "won" would be better #########################
Courtesy of <zanzibar> from the Mark Weeks link:
<The match would last 24 games, of which all 24 were to be played. [...] In case of a drawn match, Kasparov would keep his 'title'.> <The time control was 40 moves in 2 hours, then 20 moves in 1 hour, followed by adjournment. The prize fund was 1.700.000 UKP (at the time about 2.500.000 US$), with 5/8 for the winner. > <It was played in the heart of London at the Savoy Theater [...] could hold 1000 spectators> <The clocks were standard mechanical chess clocks [ed- was this the last use of analog clocks?]> <Kasparov's seconds were GMs Alexander Beliavsky and Zurab Azmaiparashvili. Short's seconds were GMs Robert Huebner and Jon Speelman. Yuri Averbach was the chief arbiter. The press room was directed by Eric Schiller, assisted by Byron Jacobs. > <The match began on 7 September. [...]> <After Kasparov reached 12.5 points in the 20th game, the players decided to stop the match and fill the schedule with exhibition games [...] [ed- no mention of when the last game was played]> <During the match, the PCA announced that the qualifying tournament for the next PCA cycle would be held at Groningen in December. The first seven players in Groningen, plus Short, would then be seeded into a series of Candidate matches. http://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/919...
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1 game, 1993
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Kibitzing
